^{page 183 note 1} Torday, E. and Joyce, T. A., ‘Notes Ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées, les Bushongo’, Annales du Musée du Congo Beige, Tervueren. Ethnographie, Anthropologie, Sér. III, Docum. Ethnogr. 2, 1, Brussels, 1910Google Scholar; Achten, L., ‘Over de geschiedenis der Bakuba’, Congo, 1929, vol. i, pp. 189–205Google Scholar(English résumé in Social Science Abstracts, vol. i (1929), p. 590Google Scholar, entry no. 5886.)

^{page 183 note 2} Guillaume, Paul, ‘African Art at the Barnes Foundation’, Opportunity, 2, 17 (May 1924), pp. 140–2Google Scholar; ‘The Triumph of Ancient Negro Art’, ibid., 4, 41 (May 1926), pp. 146-7.

^{page 183 note 3} Thomas Munro, ‘Primitive Negro Sculpture’, ibid., pp. 150-3.

^{page 183 note 4} Albert C. Barnes, ‘The Temple’, ibid., 2, 17 (May 1924), pp. 158-40; ‘Negro Art, Past and Present’, ibid., 4, 41 (May 1926), pp. 148-9, 168-9.

^{page 183 note 5} Akin Locke, ‘A Note on African Art’, ibid., 2, 17 (May 1924), pp. 134-8.

^{page 184 note 1} Andrée, Rich., ‘Alte Westafrikanische Elfenbeinschnitzwerke im Herzogl. Museum zu Braunschweig’, Globus, 79, 10, pp. 156–9.Google Scholar

^{page 184 note 2} Thomsen, Thomas, Albert Eckhout ein Niederländischer Maler und sein Gönner Moritz der Brasilianer. Ein Ktdturbild des 17. Jahrhunderts, Copenhagen, 1938; see especially pp. 165–76.Google Scholar

^{page 185 note 1} Hirtzel, J. S. Harry, ‘Le Manteau de Plumes, dit de “Montezuma” des Musées Royaux du Cinquantataite’, Proceedings ofthe 23rd International Americanist Congress, New York 1928, pp. 649–51, New York, 1950.Google Scholar

^{page 185 note 2} Struck, Bernh., ‘Die Chronologie der Benin-Altertümer’, Zeitschrift für Ethnologic, 55 (1923), pp. 115–66Google Scholar; Sydow, Eckart von, ‘Zur Chronologie von Benin-Ornamenten’, Ethnologischer Anzeiger, vol. iv, part ii, Referate, pp. 31–8Google Scholar.

^{page 185 note 3} Dapper, Olfert, Nauwkeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche Gewesten…, 2nd ed., Amsterdam, 1676.Google Scholar(An English translation of the first edition was published in London by John Ogilby: Africa, being a Description of the regions of Egypt…, London, 1670)Google Scholar

^{page 185 note 4} In: Bosman, William, A new Description of the Coast of Guinea, London, 1705.Google Scholar

^{page 185 note 5} Marees, Pieter de, Beschryvinge ende Historische Verhael van't gout koninckrijck van Gunea, ander de Gout-custe de Mina genaemt…, Amsterdam, 1602.Google Scholar(An English resum e of this was published by Purchas, S. in his Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes…, London, 1625, vol. ii, pp. 926–70).Google Scholar Cf. Marquardt, Jos., ‘Die Benin-Sammlung des Reichsmuseums für Völkerkunde in Leiden’, Veröffentlichungen des Reichsmus. für Völkerk. in Leiden, Ser. II, no. 7, pp. 9 seqGoogle Scholar.

^{page 185 note 6} Germann, Paul, ‘Die Afrikanische Kunst’, in: Ant. Springer: Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte, vol. iv, Leipzig, 1929, p. 580.Google Scholar

^{page 185 note 7} Ihle, A., Das alte Königreich Kongo, Leipzig, 1929.Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 1} Jonghe, Ed. de and Simar, Th., Archives Congo laises, fasc. I, Brussels, 1919.Google Scholar

^{page 186 note 2} Cf. Delafosse, Maurice, Les Noirs d'Afrique, Paris, 1922.Google Scholar(English students will find the more pertinent historical data which this booklet and other works of the same author contain in the excellent translation by Miss Fligelman, F., Delafosse, The Negroes of Africa, History and Culture, Washington, 1931Google Scholar);Hardy, Georges, Vue Générale de l'Histoire de l'Afrique, Paris, 1922Google Scholar; Dammann, E., Beiträge am Arabischen Quellen zur Kenntniss des negerischen Afrika, Kiel, 1929Google Scholar; Bovill, E. W., Caravans of the Old Sahara: An Introduction to the History of Western Sudan, London, 1933Google Scholar; MacMichael, H. A., A History of the Arabs in the Sudan. 2 vol., London, 1922Google Scholar.

^{page 186 note 3} Beardsley, Grace H., The Negro in Greek and Roman Civilization, London, 1929Google Scholar; Junker, Herm., ‘The first Appearance of the Negroes in History’, Journ. of Egypt. Archaeol., 1 (1921), pp. 121–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page 186 note 4} Langenmaier, Theod., ‘Alte Kenntniss und Kartographie der Zentralafrikanischen Seenregion’, Mitteilungen d. Geogr. Gesellschaft, München, 11, 1, 1916Google Scholar; ‘Lexicon zur alten Geographie des süd-östlichen Äquatorialafrika’, Abhandl. Hamburg. Kolonialinstituts, vol. 39, 1918Google Scholar; ‘Alte Nachrichten über mittelafrikanische Völker’, Petermanns Mitteilungen, 1918Google Scholar.

^{page 186 note 5} Strieder, Jak., ‘Aus Antwerpener Notariats-archiven’, Quellen zur deutschen Wirtschaftsgeschichte des 16. Jahrh., (1930), pp. xxxi seq., StuttgartGoogle Scholar; ‘Negerkunst von Benin und deutsches Metallexportgewerbe im 15. Jahrh.’, Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, vol. 64 (1932), pp. 249–59Google Scholar.

^{page 187 note 1} La Pratique Missionnaire…, Coll. de la Section Scientifique de l'A.U.C.A.M., no. 2, Louvain, 1931, p. 151.

^{page 188 note 1} Here, during a period of archaeologic research, it was felt how important it was to determine whether the earthworks of gigantic dimensions, known under the name of ‘mounds’, were built before the discovery of 1492, or after it. It has long been claimed that they belonged to pre-Columbian times. But during excavations in some of them, skeletons were found wearing ornaments that were undoubtedly of European origin. Since these mounds, when they served the purpose of burial places, were always built over the corpses which were to be buried, here was clear proof that some of the mounds, at least, were built in post-Columbian times.

^{page 191 note 1} Douglas, A. E., ‘The Secret of the Southwest solved by Talkative Tree Rings’, National Geographic Magazine (Washington), 1929, pp. 737–70, 34 illus.Google Scholar; ‘La Chronologie des Pueblos par les couches annuelles des arbres’, Revue Archéologique, Paris, 5. Ser., t. xxxiii (1931), pp. 117–20Google Scholar; ‘Tree Rings and their relation to Solar Variations and Chronology’, Annual Report Smithsonian Institution for 1931, Washington, 1932, pp. 304–13Google Scholar; ‘Dating Pueblo Bonito and other Ruins in the Southwest’, Pueblo Bonito Series, National Geographic Society, Contributid Technical Papers, no. 1, Washington, 1935.Google Scholar, Cf. Olbrechts, Frans M., ‘Le Mouvement ethnologique aux litats-Unis’, Alumni, vol. v (1934), pp. 396–7Google Scholar; ‘Natuurwetenschap en Archeologie’, Wetenschap in Vlaanderen, i (1935), pp. 5–6Google Scholar.

^{page 191 note 2} Dubois, Felix, Tombouctou la Mystérieuse, Paris, 1897, p. 183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 191 note 3} On account of the annual torrential rains, the adobe houses and buildings of the Sudan have to be periodically replastered, a thin layer of the surface being washed away every season. (F. M. O.)

^{page 191 note 4} The Tarik here referred to is the famous source for the history of the Sudan: Tarikh-es-Sudan, written by the Sudanese historian Abderrahman Sa'adi in 1652 (F. M. O.).

^{page 191 note 5} With regard to this, however, it may be pointed out that the Negro sculptor quite often seems to refrain from cutting away more wood than is strictly necessary, and respects in a striking way the original form, the ‘block’ of his material. Cf. the interesting views of Professor Vatter, E., Religiöse Plastik der Naturvölker, Frankfurt on the Main, 1926, pp. 131–2Google Scholar.