Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-2l2gl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-27T11:38:28.441Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rural-urban movement among Botswana's skilled manpower: some observations on the two sector model*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

Orthodox theories of social change emphasise the importance of formal training in the structural transformation of traditional systems within less developed countries (Peil 1973; Dore 1978). It is assumed that through investment in human capital economically-backward societies will achieve modernisation and growth, and that a sequence of changes in the social and occupational structure following the typical Western model will occur. A close association between educational and occupational attainment is postulated which forms the basis for a new system of social stratification defined by educational qualification and income level (Foster 1977). Intervening between the academic achievement of individuals and their entry into the job market an important additional spatial variable is included in the dual sector model (Lewis 1954; Forde 1968). Given that rural-urban dichotomy exists between traditional and modern sectors the model suggests that considerable selective movement from countryside to town is an additional necessary condition for economic growth. Finally it is assumed that the resultant spatial separation of the educated from their traditional environment coupled by secure employment in town consolidates the process of acculturation into a Western value system (Foley 1977).

Résumé

Le mouvement rural-urbain chez la main d'oevre qualifiée du Botswana—quelques remarques sur les rapports entre les deux secteurs

Alors que, d'une façon générale, les auteurs qui traitent du développement s'accordent sur le rapport entre le niveau de scolarisation et de formation, et le degré de mouvement sélectif des campagnes vers lez villes, un débat intéressant s'est engagé sur l'impacte de cette mobilité géographique sur les migrants eux-mêmes et sur leurs foyers ruraux. La présente étude, faite à Gaborone, capitale du Botswana, aborde le problème de trais manières. Premièrement, ele tente de dégager l'influence de la formation scolaire sur la propension à la migration, et a identifier, pour chaque membre des families tswana concérnees, le statut professionnel qui en résulte. Déuxiemement, elle analyse les facteurs qui influent sur l'insertion de chacun dans le milieu urbain et, troisièmement, elle s'interroge sur les eflets de ce mouvement sélectif sur la forme et la signification du lien rural-urbain. Au cours de cette enquête, on a choisi au hasard un échantillonnage par couches d'individus définis par leur niveau d'instruction. Les enquêtes ont consisté à recueillir des biographies en posant des questions sur le contexte familial, les migrations précédentes, les comportements vis à vis du travail urbain, le logement en ville, et le genre de lien, s'il existe encore, que les gens ont conservé avec le milieu rural. Les résultats indiquent que, si le mouvement rural-urbain est utile à l'intégration des secteurs modernes et traditionnels, la forme de cette intégration et l'importance qu'elle prend aux yeux des individus concernés varie selon leurs caractéristiques démographiques, sociales et économiques. C'est le foyer rural qui fournit les premières possibilites de fréquenter l'école et, pour les moins aptes, qui facilite la recherche d'un travail. Une fois en ville, les migrants éduqués accordent une grande valeur à leur emploi salarié, mais la base rurale n'est pas rejetée; elle bénéficie même des advantages en argent et en confort apportés par le fait qu'un de ses membres touche un salaire en ville. Cependant, il apparaït également que le niveau d'instruction et l'âge des migrants sont des facteurs importants dont dépend la forme du lien rural-urbain. Ceux qui se trouvent en deçà de la définition officielle de l'instruction' sont les plus touchés par le coût élevé de la vie en milieu urbain, font preuve de peu d'empressement à s'intégrer dans la vie urbaine et conservent des relations de forte dépendance culturelle et économique avec foyer rural d'origine. Par contre, les individus hautement qualifiés ont la capacité financière de profiter des deux systèmes: ils investissent dans de grandes propriétés rurales tout en jouissant des possibilités offertes par la ville.

Type
The Interdependence of Women and Men
Information
Africa , Volume 50 , Issue 4 , October 1980 , pp. 404 - 421
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barnum, H. N. and Sabot, R. H. 1976Migration, Education and Urban Surplus Labour’, Employment Series Monograph, O.E.C.S. Development Centre.Google Scholar
Berg, E. J. 1965 ‘The Economics of the Migrant Labour System’, in Kuper, H. (ed) Urbanisation and Migration in West Africa (Berkeley).Google Scholar
Botswana Central Statistics Office 1976 Poverty Datum Line For Urban Areas in Botswana (Gaborone).Google Scholar
Berg, E. J. 1978 National Migration Study (Gaborone).Google Scholar
Berg, E. J. 1979 National Prices Survey. Unpublished Report (Gaborone).Google Scholar
Bryant, C.Stephens, B. and McLiver, S. 1978Rural to Urban Migration: Some Data from Botswana’, African Studies Review, 21 285–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byerlee, D. 1974 ‘Rural-Urban Migration in Africa: Theory, Policy and Research Implications’, International Migration Review, Winter, 543566.Google Scholar
Caldwell, J. C. 1969 African Rural-Urban Migration (London: C. Hurst).Google Scholar
Cooper, D. 1979a ‘Economy and Society in Botswana: Some Basic National Socio-Enconomic Co-ordinates Relevant to an Interpretation of National Migration Statistics’, Botswana Central Statistics Office, National Migration Study, Working Paper 2.Google Scholar
Caldwell, J. C. 1979b ‘Rural-Urban Migration and Female-Headed Households in Botswana Towns’ in Kerven, C. (ed) National Migration Study Papers presented at a Workshop on Migration Research, March 2930.Google Scholar
Dore, R. 1978 The Diploma Disease. Education, Qualification and Development (London).Google Scholar
Elkan, W. 1967Circular Migration and the Growth of Towns in East Africa’, International Labour Review, 96, 581589.Google Scholar
Elkan, W. 1976Is a Proletariat Emerging in Nairobi?’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 24(4), 695706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, D. E. 1977Anthropological Studies of Schooling in Developing Countries Some Recent Findings and Trends’, Comparative Education Review, 21, 311328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forde, E. R. 1968 ‘The Population of Ghana—A Study of the Spatial Relationships of its Socio-Cultural and Economic Characteristics’, Studies in Geography, No. 15 (Evanston).Google Scholar
Foster, P. 1977Education and Social Differentiation in Less Developed Countries’, Comparative Education Review, 21, 211228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedmann, J. and Wulff, R. 1976The Urban Transition: Comparative Studies in Newly Industrialising Societies’, Progress in Geography, 8, 194.Google Scholar
Germani, G. 1967 ‘The Concept of Social Integration’, in Beyer, G. (ed) The Urban Explosion in Latin America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar
Izzard, W. 1979 ‘Preliminary Ideas on the Rural-Urban Migration of Female-Headed Households with Botswana’ in Kerven, C. (ed) National Migration Study Papers presented at a Workshop on Migration Research, March 2930.Google Scholar
Kerven, C. 1976Migration to Francistown and Effects on the Urban and Rural Community: Some Preliminary Observations’, Paper presented to the Workshop on Rural Environment and Development Planning, Gaborone, Botswana.Google Scholar
Kerven, C. 1979a Urban and Rural Female-Headed Households' Dependence on Agriculture (Gaborone).Google Scholar
Kerven, C. 1979b Rural-Urban Migration and Agricultural Productivity in Botswana (Gaborone).Google Scholar
Lewis, A. W. 1954Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour’, The Manchester School of Economics and Social Sciences, 22, 139191.Google Scholar
Lipton, M. 1978 Employment and Labour Use in Botswana. Final Report, Volumes I and II (Gaborone).Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. C. 1956 ‘Urbanisation, Detribalisation and Stabilisation in Southern Africa: A problem of Definition and Measurement’, in Forde, D. (ed) Social Implications of Industrialisation and Urbanisation in Africa South of the Sahara (Paris: Unesco).Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. C. 1961 ‘Labour and Population Movements in Central Africa’, in Barbour, K. N. and Prothero, R. M. (eds) Essays on African Population (London: Kegan Paul).Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. C. and Shaul, J. R. H. 1965 ‘An Approach to the Measurment of Commitment to Urban Residence’, in Snowball, G. J. (ed) Science and Medicine in Central Africa (Oxford).Google Scholar
Peil, M. 1973The Influence of Formal Education on Occupational Choice’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, 7, 199214.Google Scholar
Peil, M. 1976African Squatter Settlements: A Comparative Study’, Urban Studies, 13, 155166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Republic of Botswana 1973 National Development Plan 1973-1978 (Gaborone).Google Scholar
Republic of Botswana 1977a Education in Kagisano. Report of the National Commission on Education (Gaborone).Google Scholar
Republic of Botswana 1977b National Development Plan 1976-81 (Gaborone).Google Scholar
Republic of Botswana 1978 Report of the Third Salaries Review Commission (Botswana National Archives).Google Scholar
Republic of Botswana 1979 Employment Survey (August 1977), (Gaborone).Google Scholar
Schapera, L. 1940 Married Life in an African Tribe (London: Faber).Google Scholar
Schapera, L. 1947 Migrant Labour and Tribal Life: A Study of Conditions in the Bechuanaland Protectorates (London: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Sillery, A. 1974 Botswana: A Short Political History (London: Methuen).Google Scholar
Stephens, B. 1977Urban Migration in Botswana—Gaborone 1975’, Botswana Notes and Records, 91, 91100.Google Scholar
Todaro, M.P. 1971Education and Rural-Urban Migration—Theoretical Constructs and Empirical Evidence from Kenya’, Paper presented at the Conference on Urban Unemployment in Africa, Institute for Development Studies, University of Sussex.Google Scholar
Todaro, M.P. 1976 Internal Migration and Economic Development: A Review of Theory, Evidence Methodology and Research Priorities (Geneva).Google Scholar