Atieno-Odhiambo, E. S. (1995) ‘The invention of Kenya’ in Ogot, B. A. and Ochieng, W. R. (eds), Decolonization and Independence in Kenya 1940–1993. Nairobi: EAEP.Google Scholar

Beuving, J. (2013) ‘Playing information games: démarcheurs in the second-hand car markets of Cotonou, Benin’, Social Anthropology / Anthropologie Sociale 21: 2–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bhan, G. (2019) ‘Notes on southern urban practice’, Environment and Urbanization 31 (2): 639–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bhattacharyya, G. (2018) Rethinking Racial Capitalism: questions of reproduction and survival. London: Rowman & Littlefield International.Google Scholar

Carmody, P. and Owusu, F. (2016) ‘Neoliberalism, urbanization and change in Africa: the political economy of heterotopias’, Journal of African Development 18 (18): 61–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chernoff, J. (2003) Hustling Is Not Stealing: stories of an African bar girl. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clay, A. and Phillips, K. (2015) The Misfit Economy: lessons in creativity from pirates, hackers, gangsters and other informal entrepreneurs. New York NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. L. (2012) Theory from the South: or, how Euro-America is evolving toward Africa. Boulder CO: Paradigm.Google Scholar

Cottom, T. M. (2020) ‘Nearly 6 decades after the Civil Rights Act: why do black workers still have to hustle to get ahead?’, Time, 20 February <https://time.com/5783869/gig-economy-inequality/>..>Google Scholar

Diagne, M. (2005) Critique de la Raison Orale: les pratiques discursives en Afrique noire. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar

Duneier, M. (2000) Sidewalk. New York NY: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux.Google Scholar

Escobar, A. (1995) Encountering Development: the making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ference, M. (2016) ‘“Together we can”: redefining the meaning of work in Kenya's informal transportation sector’, Anthropology of Work Review 37 (2): 101–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferguson, J. (2006) Global Shadows: Africa in the neoliberal world order. Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Ferguson, J. and Li, T. M. (2018) ‘Beyond the “proper job”: political-economic analysis after the century of labouring man’. PLAAS Working Paper 51. Cape Town: PLAAS, University of the Western Cape.Google Scholar

Finn, B. and Oldfield, S. (2015) ‘Straining: young men working through waithood in Freetown, Sierra Leone’, Africa Spectrum 50 (3): 29–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fredericks, R. (2014) ‘“The old man is dead”: hip hop and the arts of citizenship of Senegalese youth’, Antipode 46: 130–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ganti, T. (2014) ‘Neoliberalism’, Annual Review of Anthropology 43: 89–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilroy, P. (1993) The Black Atlantic Modernity and Double Consciousness. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Githiora, C. (2018) Sheng: rise of a Kenyan Swahili vernacular. London: James Currey.Google Scholar

Harney, S. and Moten, F. (2013) The Undercommons: fugitive planning and black study. New York NY: Minor Compositions.Google Scholar

Hart, K. (1973) ‘Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana’, Journal of Modern African Studies 11 (1): 61–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hart, K. (2009) ‘On the informal economy: the political history of an ethnographic concept’. Working Paper CEB 09-042.RS. Brussels: Université Libre de Bruxelles.Google Scholar

Honwana, A. (2012) The Time of Youth: work, social change and politics in Africa. Hartford CT: Kumarian Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ILO (1972) Employment Mission to Kenya Report. Incomes and equality: a strategy for increasing productive employment in Kenya. Geneva: International Labour Organization (ILO).Google Scholar

ILO (2018) Informality and Non-standard Forms of Employment. Geneva: International Labour Organization (ILO).Google Scholar

Jay-Z (2010) Decoded. New York NY: Spiegel & Grau.Google Scholar

Kelley, R. D. G. (2017) ‘What did Cedric Robinson mean by racial capitalism?’, Boston Review, 21 December <http://bostonreview.net/race/robin-d-g-kelley-what-did-cedric-robinson-mean-racial-capitalism>..>Google Scholar

King, K. (1996) Jua Kali Kenya: change and development in an informal economy 1970–1995. London: James Currey.Google Scholar

Kinyanjui, M. N. (2019) African Markets and the Utu-Buntu Business Model: a perspective on economic informality in Nairobi. Cape Town: African Minds.Google Scholar

Lancione, M. (2016) ‘The assemblage of life at the margins’ in Lancione, M. (ed.), Rethinking Life at the Margins. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lonsdale, J. (1992) ‘African pasts in Africa's future’ in Berman, B. and Lonsdale, J. (eds), Unhappy Valley: conflict in Kenya and Africa. Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Mazrui, A. A. (2005) ‘The re-invention of Africa: Edward Said, V. Y. Mudimbe, and beyond’, Research in African Literatures 36 (3): 68–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mbembe, A. and Nuttall, S. (2004) ‘Writing the world from an African metropolis’, Public Culture 16 (3): 347–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCormick, D. (1987) ‘Fundis and formality: very small manufacturers in Nairobi’ in Schatzberg, M. G. (ed.), The Political Economy of Kenya. New York NY: Praeger.Google Scholar

McFarlane, C. and Waibel, M. (2012) Urban Informalities: reflections on the formal and informal. Burlington VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar

McKenzie, L. (2015) Getting By: estates, class and culture in austerity Britain. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar

Meagher, K., Mann, L. and Bolt, M. (2016) ‘Introduction: global economic inclusion and African workers’, Journal of Development Studies 52 (4): 471–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Millar, K. M. (2018). Reclaiming the Discarded. Durham NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moten, F. (2003) In the Break: the aesthetics of the Black Radical Tradition. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Mutongi, K. B. (2006) ‘Thugs or entrepreneurs? Perceptions of matatu operators in Nairobi, 1970 to the present’, Africa 76 (4): 549–68.10.3366/afr.2006.0072CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Myers, G. (2011) African Cities: alternative visions of urban theory and practice. London: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Neuwirth, R. (2012) Stealth of Nations: the global rise of the informal economy. New York NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar

Ntarangwi, M. (2009) East African Hip Hop: youth culture and globalization. Chicago IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Polsky, N. (1967) Hustlers, Beats, and Others. Chicago IL: Aldine.Google Scholar

Richardson, C. and Skott-Myhre, H. (eds) (2012) The Habitus of the Hood. Bristol: Intellect.Google Scholar

Rizzo, M. (2017) Taken for a Ride: grounding neoliberalism, precarious labour, and public transport in an African metropolis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Robinson, C. (1983) Black Marxism: the making of the Black Radical Tradition. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Robinson, J. and Parnell, S. (2012) ‘(Re)theorising cities from the global South: looking beyond neoliberalism’, Urban Geography 33 (4): 593–617.Google Scholar

Roitman, J. L. (1990) ‘The politics of informal markets in sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies 28 (4): 671–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rollefson, J. G. (2017) Flip the Script: European hip hop and the politics of postcoloniality. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roy, A. and Alsayaad, N. (2004) Urban Informality: transnational perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. New York NY: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Sarr, F. (2019) Afrotopia. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Sexton, J. (2011) ‘The social life of social death: on Afro-pessimism and black optimism’, In Tensions 5: 1–47.Google Scholar

Simone, A. (2004) For the City Yet to Come: changing African life in four cities. Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Simone, A. (2018) Improvised Lives: rhythms of endurance in the urban South. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Simone, A. and Pieterse, E. (2017) New Urban Worlds: inhabiting dissonant times. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Sommers, M. (2012) Stuck: Rwandan youth and the struggle for adulthood. Athens GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar

Standing, G. (2011) The Precariat. London and New York NY: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Tevis, W. (1959) The Hustler. London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Thieme, T. (2013) ‘The “hustle” amongst youth entrepreneurs in Mathare's informal waste economy’, Journal of Eastern African Studies 7 (3): 389–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thieme, T. (2015) ‘Turning hustlers into entrepreneurs, and social needs into market demands: corporate–community encounters in Nairobi, Kenya’, Geoforum 59: 228–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thieme, T. (2017) ‘The hustle economy: informality, uncertainty, and the geographies of getting by’, Progress in Human Geography 42 (4): 529–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Twain, M. (1962 [1872]) Roughing It. New York NY: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Vasudevan, A. (2015) ‘The makeshift city: towards a global geography of squatting’, Progress in Geography 39 (3): 338–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vigh, H. (2006) Navigating Terrains of War: youth and soldiering in Guinea-Bissau. New York NY: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar

Waage, T. (2006) ‘Coping with unpredictability: “preparing for life” in Ngoundéré, Cameroon’ in Christiansen, C., Utas, M. and Vigh, H. (eds), Navigating Youth, Generating Adulthood: social becoming in an African context. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.Google Scholar

Wacquant, L. (1998) ‘Inside the zone: the social art of the hustler in the black American ghetto’, Theory, Culture and Society 15 (2): 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Waite, L. (2009) ‘A place and space for a critical geography of precarity?’, Geography Compass 3 (1): 412–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walker, C. (2019) ‘The white-collar hustle: academic writing and the new political economy of educated-youth employment in Kenya’. DPhil thesis, University of Oxford.Google Scholar

Weiss, B. (2009) Street Dreams and Hip Hop Barbershops: global fantasy in urban Tanzania. Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Wilson, J. W. (2009) More Than Just Race: being black and poor in the inner city. New York NY: W. W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar