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Rebounding Nationalism: State and Ethnicity in Wollega 1968–1976

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2011

Abstract

This article deals with the interrelationship of ethnic and national processes in a rural district in Wollega at the time of the Ethiopian revolution of 1974. It describes how the state policy of ‘official nationalism’ and Amharisation on the one hand, and the policy of land confiscation and land grants on the other, affected two different categories of Oromo: the small, educated elite, and the peasants. The government promoted Amharic as the language of state, whilst the Oromo language was banned from public contexts and not allowed in print. The government feared popular involvement in politics, and all political parties and organisations were banned. University students voiced demands for modernisation and land reform whilst the war in Eritrea raised the ‘question of nationalities’, but there was not yet any Oromo nationalist claim for statehood. Among the farmers, opposition to the state centred on land tenure and taxes and on the abuse of authority by the government. Most Oromo-speaking regions had been conquered and incorporated into the empire in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Land was confiscated and granted to warlords, or to local leaders who collaborated with the emperor. The original inhabitants became tribute-paying tenants under the new lords. As most landlords were immigrants to the area, ethnicity was an obvious aspect of property relations. In Wollega, however, local Oromo who had collaborated with the emperor were in control of much of the land and both landlords and share-croppers were Macha Oromo. They shared basic value-orientations by which performance is judged. Memories of the moral economy of an earlier time provided an alternative to the existing situation. Reference to history implied an active selection of elements in the formulation of a critical discourse on power and property that addressed the basic opposition between society and state. The last part of the article describes how educated and farmers met in a political meeting that was organised by the local authorities in 1976 to celebrate the revolution and its land reform. The occasion turned into an intense celebration of local values and, at least to some of the participants, this was a moment of new ethnic awareness and a call to revive gada, the Oromo ritual system. Threatened by ethnic identification, the state responded with brutal repression, and several people were murdered. Shortly after, some activists joined the Oromo Liberation Front to wage guerrilla war against the state.

Résumé

Cet article traite de la corrélation entre les processus ethniques et nationaux dans le district rural de Wollega au moment de la révolution éthiopienne de 1974. Il décrit comment la politique de «nationalisme officiel» et d'amharisation menée par l'Etat d'une part, et la politique de confiscation des terres et de subventions agraires d'autre part, ont affecté deux catégories distinctes d'Oromo : l'élite instruite, minoritaire, et les paysans. Le Gouvernement a promu l'amharique comme langue d'Etat et interdit la langue oromo dans les contextes publics et les ouvrages imprimés. Craignant une participation populaire à la vie politique, le Gouvernement a interdit tous les partis et organisations politiques. Les étudiants universitaires réclamaient une modernisation et une réforme agraire alors que la guerre en Erythrée soulevait la « question des nationalités », mais aucun nationaliste oromo ne réclamait encore l'indépendance. Chez les paysans, l'opposition à l'Etat se centrait sur le régime foncier et l'abus d'autorité exercé par le Gouvernement. La plupart des régions de langue oromo avaient été conquises et incorporées dans l'empire au cours des dernières décennies du dix-neuvième siècle. Les terres furent confisquées et octroyées aux chefs de guerre ou aux chefs locaux qui collaboraient avec l'empereur. Les habitants durent alors payer un tribut aux nouveaux chefs de guerre. La plupart de ces chefs ayant immigré dans la région, l'ethnicité était un aspect évident des relations foncières. Or, dans le district de Wollega, les Oromo locaux qui avaient collaboré avec l'empereur contrôlaient la majorité des terres et les propriétaires fonciers et métayers étaient macha oromo. Ils partageaient les mêmes valeurs fondamentales, mesures-étalons de la performance. Les souvenirs de l'économie morale d'autrefois offraient une alternative à la situation existante. La référence à l'histoire impliquait une sélection active d'éléments dans la formulation d'un discours critique sur le pouvoir et la propriété qui traitait de l'opposition fondamentale entre la société et l'Etat. La dernière partie de l'article décrit une rencontre entre les instruits et les paysans à l'occasion d'une réunion publique organisée par les pouvoirs publics en 1976 pour célébrer la révolution et sa réforme agraire. La manifestation se transforma en intense célébration des valeurs locales et, du moins pour une partie des participants, ce fut l'occasion d'une nouvelle prise de conscience ethnique et d'un appel à rétablir le goda, système rituel oromo. Menacé par l'identification ethnique, l'Etat réagit par une répression brutale et plusieurs personnes furent assassinées. Peu de temps après, des activistes ont rejoint le Front de libération de l'Oromia pour mener une guérilla contre l'Etat.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 2003

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