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Youths as Elders and Infants as Ancestors: the Complementarity of Alternate Generations, Both Living and Dead, in Tiriki, Kenya, and Irigwe, Nigeria1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 January 2012

Extract

A recent paper by Igor Kopytoff (Kopytoff, 1971) argues that Africanists have been led by their Western conceptual ethnocentrism into creating a false dichotomy between ‘elders’ and ‘ancestors’ in their descriptions and analyses of African societies. He asserts that this has obscured the fact that ‘elders’ and ‘ancestors’ are conceptually as well as terminologically united in many African cultural and social traditions. There are flaws in his assertion, perhaps the most serious of which has been ably countered by James Brain in a recent article (Brain, 1973) where he demonstrates that many, if not most, African societies make explicit and clear-cut distinctions both linguistically and conceptually between ‘elders’ (both living and dead) and ‘ancestral spirits’. Nevertheless Kopytof's article effectively argues that Western scholars have had a tendency to overlook indigenous conceptual continuities between living and dead elders, and this prompted me to re-examine my data on the Tiriki of Kenya and the Irigwe of Nigeria which deal with the traditional relations of the living and the dead (including the not yet born). I found that these relationships, though strikingly different in the two societies, are nevertheless in each case patterned in ways that are congruent with relationships between both adjacent and alternate generations.

Résumé

LES JEUNES GENS EN TANT QU'AÎNÉS ET LES NOUVEAUX-NÉS EN TANT QU'ANCÊTRES

Kopytoff (Kopytoff 1971) souligne l'unité des ‘ancêtres’ et des aînés dans le système des croyances africaines; mais il néglige de noter une unité comparable entre les ‘aînés’ et les jeunes gens d'une part et les ‘morts’ et les nouveaux-nés d'autre part, qui caractérise certaines sociétés africaines. En outre, Kopytoff méconnait l'importance des distinctions que font les indigènes entre les vivants et les morts dans leur manière de structurer et de résoudre les conflits entre générations.

Pour les Tiriki du Kenya le monde constitue une véritable triade par nature et les conflits entre générations sont résolus par une mise en correspondance conceptuelle et structurale entre les grands-parents, les petits-enfants et les arrière-grands-parents.

Le monde, pour les Irigwe du Nigéria révèle, par contraste, un complexe de réalités couplées et les conflits entre les générations sont résolus en mettant l'accent sur l'interdépendance des enfants et des parents d'une part et, d'autre part, sur une interdépendance corps-âme entre les vivants et les morts.

Dans ces deux sociétés, les distinctions que font les indigènes entre les vivants et les morts reflètent et renforcent leurs manières respectives de résoudre les conflits entre générations.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1974

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References

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