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European Adjustment to Economic Reforms and Political Consolidation in Zambia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2019

James R. Scarritt
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Extract

Europeans came to the area that is now Zambia in small numbers during the first four decades of the twentieth century primarily as missionaries, administrators, farmers, or employees of the copper or lead and zinc mines. The most extensive period of European immigration, however, was the decade and a half following World War II. In 1946 there were 22,000 Europeans in the country, while in 1962 the European population reached a peak of 77,000. The overwhelming majority of Europeans came from South Africa, the Rhodesias (Zambia was then Northern Rhodesia), or Britain— in that order of frequency. Most of those born in the Rhodesias had British and/or South African ancestry. In the immediate preindependence period slightly more than a third of the Europeans were citizens of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, into which Northern Rhodesia was incorporated from 1953 to 1963; most of the rest were approximately evenly divided between British and South African citizenship.

Type
Research Article
Information
African Issues , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , Summer 1973 , pp. 18 - 22
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 1973 

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References

Footnotes

1 The events discussed in the first section of this paper are presented in greater detail in James R. Scarritt and John L Hatter, Racial and Ethnic Conflict in Zambia, Studies in Race and Nations, Center on International Race Relations, Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver, 1970.

2 Baldwin, Robert E., Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966), p. 41 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Republic of Zambia, Ministry of Finance, Economic Report, 1966 (Lusaka: Government Printer, 1966), p.3.

3 Republic of Zambia, Central Statistical Office, Final Report of the September 1961 Census of Non-Africans and Employees (Lusaka: 1965), pp. 51-54.

4 Mulford, David C., Zambia: The Politics of Independence, 1957-1964 (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 304-11.Google Scholar

5 See Scarritt, James R., “Elite Values, Ideology, and Power in Post Independence Zambia,” African Studies Review, XIV (April 1971), p. 46 Google Scholar, and Values and Power in Emerging Zambia, Chapter 6. Further details on other European attitudes reported below will also be found in these sources.

6 In March 1966 the Minster of Home Affairs informed the National Assembly that 1,738 persons of all races had registered for citizenship since independence. See Zambia Debates, Hansard No. 6, March 17, 1966, column 437.

7 Legislative interaction between African and European representatives is analyzed in much greater detail in Values and Power in Emerging Zambia, Chapter 7. For the disbanding of the National Progress Party see Times of Zambia, May 14, 1966, p. 1.

8 Republic of Zambia, Cabinet Office, Report of the Tribunal on Detainees (Lusaka: Government Printer, 1967).

9 In 1966 a new procedure was instituted which required that applications for citizenship be advertised in the newspaper. From September 1966 to the end of 1968 we calcu lated that 360 Eu ropeans and Coloureds applied for citizenship. See Scarritt and Hatter, op. cit, Table IV, pp. 19-20.

10 By that time two of the reserved seats were vacant, two were filled by UNIP Africans, and one of the remaining Europeans was suspended for making insulting remarks about Africans. See Zambia Debates, Hansard No. 16, Alphabetical List of Members and their Constituencies, and October 17, 1968, columns 358-94.

11 Scarritt and Hatter, op. cit., p. 24.

12 Republic of Zambia, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Blueprint for Economic Reforms (Lusaka: Government Printer, 1971), p. 1.

13 Republic of Zambia, Census of Population and Housing, 1969: First Report (Lusaka: Central Statistical Office, 1970), pp. A2, A12. This interpretation of the relationship between changes in population and employment is made in the census.

14 Inter-party competition and UNIP's changing attitudes toward it are described in Thomas Rasmussen, “Political Competition and One- Party Dominance in Zambia,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 7 (October 1969), pp. 407-24; and Charry Gertzel et. al., “Zambia's Final Experience of Interparty Elections: The By-Elections of December, 1971,” typescript, 1972.

15 Times of Zambia, 26 March 1972, p. 1.

16 Ibid., 22 May 1972, p. 1.

17 M.S. Mulenga, interview, April 1972.

18 L. Edwards, interview, April 1972.

19 Times of Zambia, August 24, 1972 indicates that 20 percent of the organization's members are Zambians, and many of these are naturalized (presumably Europeans).

20 Andrew A. Beveridge, Converts to Capitalism: The Emergence of African Entrepreneurs in Lusaka, Zambia, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 1973, pp. 126-27, indicates that only five businesses in downtown Lusaka were taken over by Africans as a direct result of the reforms, and only four of the thirty-four European and Asian businessmen he interviewed were affected by the reforms.

21 Times of Zambia, 7 April 1972, p. 1.

22 Ibid, July 29, 1972, p. 1.