This is a book about the junction of European modernity, Jewish life, and new forms of social knowledge. Illuminating the intellectual history of Jewish social science primarily in Central Europe from 1880, but especially after the turn of the century, to the threshold of catastrophe in the waning moments of Weimar, Social Sciences and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity offers a keenly researched, thoughtful study both of the social consequences of Emancipation and the manner in which these consequences were assessed by Jewish social scientists trained in modern tools of statistics, anthropology, public health, and sociology. Astute in its selection of institutions (including the Verein für jüdische Statistik); key scholars (including Arthur Ruppin, Hugo Hoppe, and Leo Motzkin); and subjects (population, health, physical anthropology, and economic issues), the study invites attention to vexing issues for students of Jewish life and history and, more broadly, the development of the social sciences.