This book searchingly reexamines and sheds much new light on subjects that might already seem to have received more than enough scholarly attention. Ronald Schechter succeeds in offering an intriguing new account of the attitude of the thinkers of the French Enlightenment, some of their heirs, and some of their enemies toward the Jews. He also presents a challenging, if less than fully convincing, interpretation of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century French Jews' response to what was being said about them and what was happening to them.