¹ Gerrard Winstanley called the clerical obsession with divisive and empty form over unifying substance “the cloud without rain.” This passage from Jude, 12 may have been his source for that image (Sabine, George, ed., The Works of Gerrard Winstanley [New York, 1965] p. 569Google Scholar). My thanks to John Morrow and John Stephens; see Davis, Colin “Reply,” in Past and Present 40 (August 1993): 194 n1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Scott, Jonathan, Algernon Sidney and the Restoration Crisis 1677–83, (Cambridge, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Earlier aspects of this argument were explored in “Radicalism and Restoration: The shape of the Stuart Experience,” Historical Journal 2 (1988)Google Scholar; and “England's Troubles: Exhuming the Popish Plot,” in Harris, Tim, Seaward, Paul, and Goldie, Mark, eds., The Politics of Religion in Restoration England (Oxford, 1990)Google Scholar.

³ In addition to the discussion here, see for instance Harris, et al., Politics of Religion; and reviews by Champion, Justin (Parliamentary History 2 [1992]Google Scholar, De Krey, GaryAlbion 24, 4 [Winter 1992]CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Harris, TimJournal of Modern History 64 [Dec. 1992])CrossRefGoogle Scholar. This debate must integrate the history of politics with that of political thought: the discussion concerning Locke's Two Treatises is central. Through the most recent contributions in Political Studies 4 (1992)Google Scholar; and History of Political Thought: Locke Issue 12, 4 (1992)Google Scholar, their predecessors may be traced.

⁴ Forthcoming from Cambridge University Press; its argument is set out in Scott, “England's Troubles 1603–1702,” an address to “Europe and Whitehall: Society, Culture and Politics 1603–1685,” a conference at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst October 28–31, 1993, to be published with the conference proceedings.

⁵ For which see in particular Seaward's, PaulThe Cavalier Parliament and the Reconstruction of the Old Regime 1661–67 (Cambridge, 1989)Google Scholar.

⁶ These analyses of the troubles, revolution, and restoration processes are argued in detail in my forthcoming book (see note 4). For earlier treatments of some of these themes see note 2 above.

⁷ Dancer, ThomasMetamorphosis Anglorum [1659], pp. 100–01Google Scholar.

⁸ Firth, Charles, ed., Clarke Papers, vol. 2, p. 87Google Scholar, quoted in Davis, J. C., “Religion and the Struggle for Freedom in the English Revolution,” Historical Journal 35, 3 (1992): 520CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹ An Elegie upon King Charles the First, Murthered publikely by His Subjects, quoted in Malekin, Peter, Liberty and Love: English Literature and Society 1640–88 (London, 1981)Google Scholar.

¹⁰ See note 6 above.

¹¹ Hutton, Ronald, Charles II (Oxford, 1991), chs. 13–14Google Scholar.

¹² Lee, Colin, “Charles n and the Destruction of the Earl of Clarendon,” paper delivered to the Early Modern British History seminar, Cambridge, November 10, 1993Google Scholar.

¹³ My use of the word “English” is not an attempt to deny the dynastic union of the British kingdoms, or their impact upon one another. It does avoid anticipating the creation of the British nation-state, the failed attempt at which during the seventeenth century, and successful achievement of which during the period 1689–1714, are central to the occurrence and dating of the troubles. Meanwhile, from the Thirty Years War to the Dutch invasion the context for their explanation is not British but European (the former being part of the latter).

¹⁴ I refer here particularly to military weakness: this claim, like that in note 13, will be central to my England's Troubles. In his Court Maxims, written in 1665–66 in the Netherlands, Algernon Sidney stated that as “in the Low Countries,” where the rebellion began in the richest cities “Antwerp Ghant [sic] and Bruxelles,” so England's troubles “grew from the greatness and strength of London.” In Behemoth, or the Long Parliament (1679), written in 1667–68, Thomas Hobbes similarly claimed that London, admiring the prosperity of the Low Countries after their rebellion, had sought to emulate it by the same method. This is one perspective, perhaps, from which to understand the eventual crowning in London of a Dutch king. See Scott, , Algernon Sidney and the English Republic, p. 202Google Scholar; MacGillivray, R., Restoration Historians and the English Civil War (The Hague, 1974), pp. 71–72Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Scott, Restoration Crisis, ch. 8; Scott, “The Law of War: Grotius, Sidney, Locke and the Political Theory of Rebellion,” History of Political Thought: Locke Issue 12, 4 (Winter 1992)Google Scholar.

¹⁶ De Krey, , “London Radicals and Revolutionary Politics, 1675–1683,” in Harris, , et al., Politics of ReligionGoogle Scholar; idem., “The London Whigs and the Exclusion Crisis Reconsidered,” in A. L. Beier, David Cannadine, and James Rosenheim, eds., The First Modern Society (Cambridge, 1989).

¹⁷ Pearl, Valerie, London and the Outbreak of the Puritan Revolution (London, 1961) pp. 120–150Google Scholar.

¹⁸ North, Roger, Examen (1740), p. 90Google Scholar

¹⁹ John Miller's account of Charles' kingship during the 1670s is revealing on this score (Charles II [London, 1991], chs. 7–11Google ScholarPubMed).

²⁰ Scott, Jonathan, “Radicalism and Restoration,” p. 463Google Scholar; idem., Restoration Crisis, pp. 46–47, 268–69, 280.

²¹ Scott, “The Law of War.”

²² The literature on civil war radicalism and English republicanism is enormous. An introductory bibliography for the former may be found in Morrill, J. S., ed., The Impact of the English Civil War (London, 1991), p. 146 (chs. 3–4)Google Scholar, to which should be added Davis (note 8, above), Scott, , “Radicalism and Restoration,” Hill, Christopher, The World Turned Upside Down (1977)Google Scholar, and McGregor, J. F. and Reay, Barry, eds., Radical Religion in the English Revolution (Oxford, 1984)Google Scholar. For republicanism an introductory bibliography may be found in Morrill, J. S., ed., Revolution and Restoration (London, 1992), pp. 149–150Google Scholar.

²³ As an introduction see Ashcraft, Richard, Revolutionary Politics and John Locke's Two Treatises of Government (Princeton, 1987)Google Scholar; Greaves, Richard, Secrets of the Kingdom (Stanford, 1992)Google Scholar; Phillipson, N. and Skinner, Q., eds., Political Discourse in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge, 1993), chs. 7, 17, and pt. 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Scott, English Republic and Restoration Crisis.

²⁴ Harris, Tim, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II (Cambridge, 1987)Google Scholar.

²⁵ Scott, Restoration Crisis, ch. 3.

²⁶ I followed this process through the religious pamphlet literature in “Exhuming the Popish Plot”; for a recent account of it through drama see Owen, Susan, “Interpreting the Politics of Restoration Drama,” The Seventeenth Century (Special Issue: “Forms of Authority in Restoration England”), 3, 1 (Spring 1993): 71Google Scholar.

²⁷ Ibid.; Scott, “The Law of War.”

²⁸ Rationalis, Theophilus, Multum in Parvo, aut Vox Veritatis (1681), see, for instance, p. 5Google Scholar; Advice to the Men of Shaftesbury (1681), p. 4Google Scholar; Scott, , Restoration Crisis, p. 82, note 5Google Scholar.

²⁹ His Majesties Declaration to all his Loving Subjects (1681), pp. 4–5Google Scholar. See Scott, , “England's Troubles: Exhuming the Popish Plot,” pp. 123–27Google Scholar.

³⁰ Scott, “Radicalism and Restoration,” pt. 2; Restoration Crisis, chs. 2–3.

³¹ Restoration Crisis, p. 11; the bracketed point responds to Harris', Tim “From Rage of Party to Age of Oligarchy? Rethinking the Later Stuart and Early Hanoverian Period,” Journal of Modern History 64 (December 1992): 708Google Scholar.

³² Scott, , Restoration Crisis, p. 81Google Scholar.

³³ Harris, Tim, Politics under the Later Stuarts: Party Conflict in a Divided Society 1660–1715 (London, 1993)Google Scholar.

³⁴ Ashcraft, Richard, “The Radical Dimensions of Locke's Political Thought: A Dialogic Essay on the Problems of Interpretation,” History of Political Thought: Locke Issue, pp. 746–47Google Scholar.

³⁵ Harris, , Politics Under the Later Stuarts, p. 110 n 4Google Scholar.

³⁶ Ibid., note 109.

³⁷ Scott, Restoration Crisis, ch. 1; Harris' Politics under the Stuarts shares this chronological framework.

³⁸ Scott, “Radicalism and Restoration,” pt. 1.

³⁹ Harris, R. W., Clarendon and the English Revolution (1983), p. 67Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ “You cannot but remember with what universal joy did all parties amongst us…receive the King at his return….But behold! how soon our growing hopes were blasted, and all hands at work to hinder any settlement either in Church or State.” “[But] sure, [we] ought now to be very careful of putting to sea again, that have been so dangerously tost in the storm” (The Present Great Interest both of King and People (1680), in Scott, W., ed., Tracts…of the Late Lord Somers (1825), vol. 9, p. 116Google Scholar; The Parallel; or, The New Specious Association an old Rebellious Covenant (1682), p. 14Google ScholarPubMed.

⁴¹ “The Trial of Algernon Sidney,” in Sydney on Government: The Works of Algernon Sydney (1772), p. 58Google Scholar.

⁴² Scott, , Restoration Crisis, p. 328, and chs. 13–14Google Scholar.

⁴³ The Earl of Anglesey, quoted in Ranke, , History of England, vol. 4, p. 159Google Scholar. See Scott, , “England's Troubles,” p. 120Google Scholar; Scott, “The Law of War”; and Restoration Crisis, chs. 8, 14.

⁴⁴ Glenn Burgess, Absolutism versus Constitutionalism? The Structure of Political Discourse in Early Stuart England (forthcoming). I am grateful to Dr. Burgess for allowing me to see the manuscript of this work, a sequel to his The Politics of the Ancient Constitution (London, 1992)Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Scott, English Republic, ch. 2; “The Law of War.”

⁴⁶ For executions, adding together the protestant victims in 1660–62, 1681–83, and 1685 gives us about two hundred and twenty.

⁴⁷ Scott, “England's Troubles 1603–1702,” pt. 3; “England's Troubles: Exhuming the Popish Plot.”

⁴⁸ Scott, “Law of War”; see also Harris, , “Lives, Liberties and Estates: Rhetorics of Liberty in the Reign of Charles II,” in Harris, , et al., eds., Politics of ReligionGoogle Scholar; Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics.

⁴⁹ SirFilmer, Robert, Patriarcha (1680; written c. 1628), esp. ch. 1Google Scholar; “Observations upon H. Grotius De Jure Belli ac Pacis,” in Observations concerning the Originall of Government (1652)Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Scott, , “Law of War,” pp. 574–77Google Scholar.

⁵¹ Ibid., and Restoration Crisis, pp. 172–73, ch. 14.

⁵² Elsewhere in this section Sidney inserts the word “civil” before “war” (Sidney, , Discourses, in Works, pp. 187–88, 193–94Google Scholar; Scott, , “Law of War,” pp. 582–83Google Scholar).

⁵³ For the latter two points see Israel, Jonathan, ed., The Anglo-Dutch Moment (Cambridge, 1991), introduction and chs. 3 and 10Google Scholar.