Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-c9gpj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T18:26:36.621Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Botanical Evidence of Paleodietary and Environmental Change: Drought on the Channel Islands, California

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jeanne E. Arnold  and
Lana S. Martin
Jeanne E. Arnold
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553 (jearnold@ucla.edu)
Lana S. Martin
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553 (lana.martin@ucla.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Fluctuations in climatic regimes and biodiversity through time are linked in complex ways to human behavior and socioeconomic processes. We use macrobotanical evidence from Chumash village sites on California’s Channel Islands to investigate the relationship between late Holocene climatic perturbations and one region of the larger Chumash world. Carbonized plant remains provide evidence of the shifting availability of native plants during the Transitional period (A.D. 1150–1300), when droughts impacted island floral diversity and the Chumash had to cope with changes in vegetation regimes that likely curtailed food availability. We find that drought-resistant plant resources appear in higher relative frequencies in proveniences dating to the Transitional era, and at least one food resource was first imported from the mainland around that time. These findings support the proposition that the Chumash intensified cross-channel trade in part to respond to dietary needs during episodic resource stress. This is also the time when several economic specializations blossomed, including intensive shell bead making. These specializations persisted for six centuries and were central to the development of institutionalized leadership and political complexity in the region ca. A.D. 1200. Various strategies to preserve stability in the plant diet were important elements in the broader reorganization of labor in coastal southern California.

Resumen

Resumen

A través del tiempo fluctuaciones en biodiversidad y en los regímenes climáticos se vinculan de manera compleja en el comportamiento humano y los procesos socioeconómicos. Utilizamos pruebas macrobotánicas de varios sitios del pueblo Chumash en las Channel Islands, California, para investigar la relación entre las perturbaciones climáticas del Holoceno Tardío y una región más grande del mundo Chumash. Restos macrobotánicos carbonizados proveen evidencia de cambios en la disponibilidad de las plantas nativas durante el período Transicional (1150–1300 d.C), período en el cual las sequías impactan la diversidad de la flora en la isla y los Chumash tienen que hacer frente a los cambios en vegetacion que probablemente limitan las disponibilidad de alimentos. Accesibilidad a plantas resistentes a la sequía aparecen con mayor relativa frequencia en contextos del periodo Transicional, al mismo tiempo por lo menos un producto alimenticio primario (Western sea purslane) fue importado por primera vez desde el continente. Estos resultados apoyan la idea de que los Chumash intensificaron el comercio a través del canal, en parte para responder a las necesidades dietéticas durante los períodos de estrés en los recursos naturales. Durante este periodo florecen un numero de especializaciones económicas que incluyen la manufactura intensiva de cuentas de concha. Estas especializaciones persistieron durante los seis siglos siguientes y fueron fundamentales para el desarrollo de liderazgos y una política compleja en la región ca. 1200 d.C. Diversas estrategias para preservar la estabilidad en la dieta vegetal eran los elementos importantes en la reorganización del trabajo más amplio en el sur de la costa de California, durante los cambios económicos, políticos, demográficos, y climáticos más complejos.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 79 , Issue 2 , April 2014 , pp. 227 - 248
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Ames, Kenneth M. 1994 The Northwest Coast: Complex Hunter-Gatherers, Ecology, and Social Evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology 23:209–229.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 1987 Craft Specialization in the Prehistoric Channel Islands, California. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 1992 Complex Hunter-Gatherer-Fishers of Prehistoric California: Chiefs, Specialists, and Maritime Adaptations of the Channel Islands. American Antiquity 57:60–84.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 1993 Labor and the Rise of Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 12:75–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 1994 Studies in Prehistoric Sociopolitical Complexity on the Northern Channel Islands and Preliminary Results from Prisoners Harbor. In The Fourth California Islands Symposium: Update on the Status of Resources, edited by William L. Halvorson and Gloria J. Maender, pp. 193–200. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 1996a The Archaeology of Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 3:77–126.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 1996b Organizational Transformations: Power and Labor among Complex Hunter-Gatherers and Other Intermediate Societies. In Emergent Complexity: The Evolution of Intermediate Societies, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 59–73. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 2001a The Channel Islands Project: History, Objectives, and Methods. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 21–52. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 2001b The Chumash in World and Regional Perspectives. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 1–19. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 2001c Social Evolution and the Political Economy in the Northern Channel Islands. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 287–296. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 2007 Credit Where Credit Is Due: The History of the Chumash Oceangoing Plank Canoe. American Antiquity 72:196–209.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E. 2012 Prestige Trade in the Santa Barbara Channel Region. California Archaeology 4:145–148.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E., and Bernard, Julienne 2005 Negotiating the Coasts: Status and the Evolution of Boat Technology in California. World Archaeology 37:109–131.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E., Colten, Roger H., and Pletka, Scott 1997 Contexts of Cultural Change in Insular California. American Antiquity 62:300–318.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E., and Graesch, Anthony P. 2001 The Evolution of Specialized Shellworking among the Island Chumash. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 71–112. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E., and Graesch, Anthony P. 2004 The Later Evolution of the Island Chumash. In Foundations of Chumash Complexity, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 1–16. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E., Preziosi, Aimee M., and Shattuck, Paul 2001 Flaked Stone Craft Production and Exchange in Island Chumash Territory. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 113–131. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne E., and Tissot, Brian N. 1993 Measurement of Significant Marine Paleotemperature Variation Using Black Abalone Shells from Prehistoric Middens. Quaternary Research 39:390–394.Google Scholar
Ballard, Charles 1986 Drought and Economic Distress: South Africa in the 1800s. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 17:359–378.Google Scholar
Basgall, Mark E. 1987 Resource Intensification among Hunter-Gatherers: Acorn Economies in Prehistoric California. Research in Economic Anthropology 9:21–52.Google Scholar
Baumhoff, Martin A. 1963 Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Blackburn, Thomas C. (editor) 1975 December’s Child: A Book of Chumash Oral Narratives. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Braje, Todd J., Rick, Torben C., and Erlandson, Jon M. 2012 A Trans-Holocene Historical Ecological Record of Shellfish Harvesting on California’s Northern Channel Islands. Quaternary International 264:109–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braje, Todd J., Rick, Torben C., Willis, Lauren M., and Erlandson, Jon M. 2011 Shellfish and the Chumash: Marine Invertebrates and Emergent Complexity on Late Holocene San Miguel Island, California. North American Archaeologist 32:267–290.Google Scholar
Buonasera, Tammy 2007 Investigating the Presence of Ancient Absorbed Organic Residues in Groundstone Using GC-MS and Other Analytical Techniques: A Residue Study of Several Prehistoric Milling Tools from Central California. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:1379–1390.Google Scholar
Chiou, Katherine L., Cook, Anita G., and Hastorf, Christine A. 2013 Flotation versus Dry Sieving Archaeobotanical Remains: A Case History from the Middle Horizon Southern Coast of Peru. Journal of Field Archaeology 38:38–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, John E., and Blake, Michael 1994 The Power of Prestige: Competitive Generosity and the Emergence of Rank Societies in Lowland Mesoamerica. In Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, edited by Elizabeth M. Brumfiel and John W. Fox, pp. 17–30. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Colten, Roger H. 2001 Ecological and Economic Analysis of Faunal Remains from Santa Cruz Island. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 199–219. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Colten, Roger H., and Arnold, Jeanne E. 1998 Prehistoric Marine Mammal Hunting on California’s Northern Channel Islands. American Antiquity 63:679–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coupland, Gary 1988 Prehistoric Economic and Social Change in the Tsimshian Area. Research in Economic Anthropology 10(Suppl. 3):211–243.Google Scholar
Delaney-Rivera, Colleen 2001 Groundstone Tools as Indicators of Changing Subsistence and Exchange Patterns in the Coastal Chumash Region. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 165—182. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Delorit, Richard J. 1970 Illustrated Taxonomy Manual of Weed Seeds. Agronomy Publications, River Falls, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
deMenocal, Peter B. 2001 Cultural Responses to Climate Change during the Late Holocene. Science 292:667–673.Google Scholar
Dillehay, Tom D., and Kolata, Alan L. 2004 Long-Term Human Response to Uncertain Environmental Conditions in the Andes. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences 101:4325–4330.Google Scholar
Eisentraut, Phyllisa J. 1990 Investigations of Prehistoric Seed Caches from Site CA-SC1I-1542, San Clemente Island. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 26:93–113.Google Scholar
Erlandson, Jon, Ainis, Amira, Gill, Kristina, and Jew, Nicholas P. 2012 Filling the Gaps: CA-SMI-274, a 10,500-Year-Old Shell Midden on San Miguel Island. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 33:53–60.Google Scholar
Erlandson, Jon M., Rick, Torben C., Braje, Todd J., Casperson, Molly, Culleton, Brendan, Fulfrost, Brian, Garcia, Tracy, Guthrie, Daniel A., Jew, Nicholas, Kennett, Douglas J., Moss, Madonna L., Reeder, Leslie, Skinner, Craig, Watts, Jack, and Willis, Lauren 2011 Paleoindian Seafaring, Maritime Technologies, and Coastal Foraging on California’s Channel Islands. Science 331:1181–1185.Google Scholar
Fauvelle, Mikael 2012 Myths of an Island Chiefdom: Super Chert and Golden Acorns. A Response to Arnold. California Archaeology 4:149–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauvelle, Mikael 2013 Evaluating Cross-Channel Exchange in the Santa Barbara Region: Experimental Data on Acorn Processing and Transport. American Antiquity 78:790–798.Google Scholar
Gamble, Lyn H. 2008 The Chumash World at European Contact: Power, Trade, and Feasting Among Complex Hunter-Gatherers. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Gill, Kristina M. 2013 Paleoethnobotanical Investigations on the Channel Islands: Current Directions and Theoretical Considerations. In California’s Channel Islands: The Archaeology of Human -Environmental Interactions, edited by Christopher Jazwa and Jennifer Perry, pp. 113–136. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Gill, Richardson B. 2000 The Great Maya Droughts: Water, Life, and Death. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Graesch, Anthony P. 2004 Specialized Bead Making among Island Chumash Households: Community Labor Organization during the Historic Period. In Foundations of Chumash Complexity, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 133–172. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graesch, Anthony P. 2009 Fieldworker Experience and Single-Episode Screening as Sources of Data Recovery Bias in Archaeology: A Case Study from the Central Pacific Northwest Coast. American Antiquity 74:759–779.Google Scholar
Gumerman, George 1992 Paleoethnobotanical Analysis of Soil Samples from CA-SCRI-191, -192, -240, -330, -474, Santa Cruz Island. Manuscript on file, Channel Islands Laboratory, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Hageman, Jon B., and Goldstein, David J. 2009 An Integrated Assessment of Archaeobotanical Recovery Methods in the Neotropical Rainforest of Northern Belize: Flotation and Dry Screening. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:2841–2852.Google Scholar
Hardy, Ellen T. 2000 Religious Aspects of the Material Remains from San Clemente Island. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 36:78–96.Google Scholar
Hastorf, Christine A. 1991 Gender, Space, and Food in Prehistory. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by Joan M. Gero and Margaret W. Conkey, pp. 132–159. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hastorf, Christine A., and Johannessen, Sissel 1993 Pre-Hispanic Political Change and the Role of Maize in the Central Andes of Peru. American Anthropologist 95:115–138.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 1995 Pathways to Power: Principles for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities. In Foundations of Social Inequality, edited by Douglas T. Price and Gary M. Feinman, pp. 13–86. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F., and Elsasser, Albert B. 1980 The Natural World of the California Indians. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Heusser, Linda 1978 Pollen in Santa Barbara Basin, California: A 12,000-yr Record. Geological Society of America Bulletin 89:673–678.Google Scholar
Hevly, Richard H., and Hill, James N. 1970 Pollen from Archaeological Middens of Santa Cruz Island, California. Manuscript on file, Channel Islands Laboratory, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Hoppa, Kristin 2013 Middle Holocene Plant Use on Santa Cruz Island. Paper presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Honolulu, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Hudson, Travis, and Blackburn, Thomas C. 1982 The Material Culture of the Chumash Interaction Sphere, Vol. I: Food Procurement and Transportation. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Papers 25. Ballena Press and Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Jazwa, Chris S., Kennett, Douglas J., and Hanson, D. 2012 Late Holocene Subsistence Change and Marine Productivity on Western Santa Rosa Island, California. California Archaeology 4:69–98.Google Scholar
Johnson, John R. 2000 Social Responses to Climate Change among the Chumash Indians of South-Central California. In The Way the Wind Blows: Climate, History, and Human Action, edited by Roderick J. Mcintosh, Joseph A. Tainter, and Susan Keech Mcintosh, pp. 301–327. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Jones, Martin 1991a Numerical Analysis in Archaeobotany. In Progress in Old World Palaeoethnobotany: A Retrospective View on the Occasion of 20 Years of the International Workgroup for Palaeoethnobotany, edited by Willem Van Zeist, Krystyna Wasylikowa, and Karl-Ernst Behre, pp. 63–80. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Jones, Martin 1991b Sampling in Paleoethnobotany. In Progress in Old World Palaeoethnobotany: A Retrospective View on the Occasion of 20 Years of the International Workgroup for Palaeoethnobotany, edited by Willem Van Zeist, Krystyna Wasylikowa, and Karl-Ernst Behre, pp. 53–62. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Jones, Terry L., Brown, Gary M., Mark Raab, L., McVickar, Janet L., Geoffrey Spaulding, W., Kennett, Douglas J., York, Andrew, and Walker, Phillip L. 1999 Environmental Imperatives Reconsidered: Demographic Crises in Western North America during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly. Current Anthropology 40:137–170.Google Scholar
Jones, Terry L., and Kennett, Douglas J. 1999 Late Holocene Sea Temperatures along the Central California Coast. Quaternary Research 51:74–82.Google Scholar
Junak, Steve, Ayers, Tina, Scott, Randy, Wilken, Dieter, and Young, David 1995 A Flora of Santa Cruz Island. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden in collaboration with the California Native Plant Society, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Kelly, Anne E., and Goulden, Michael L. 2008 Rapid Shifts in Plant Distribution with Recent Climate Change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11823–11826.Google Scholar
Kennett, Douglas J. 2005 The Island Chumash: Behavioral Ecology of a Maritime Society. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Kennett, Douglas J., Breitenbach, S. F. M., Aquino, V V., Asmersom, Y, Awe, J., Baldini, J. U. L., Bartlein, P., Culleton, B. J., Ebert, C., Jazwa, C., Macri, M. J., Marwan, N., Polyak, V., Prufer, K. M., Ridley, H. E., Sodemann, H., Winterhalder, B., and Haug, G. H. 2012 Development and Disintegration of Maya Political Systems in Response to Climate Change. Science 338:788–791.Google Scholar
Kennett, Douglas J., and Kennett, James P. 2000 Competitive and Cooperative Responses to Climatic Instability in Coastal Southern California. American Antiquity 65:379–395.Google Scholar
Kennett, Douglas J., Lambert, Patricia M., Johnson, John R., and Culleton, Brendan J. 2013 Sociopolitical Effects of Bow and Arrow Technology in Prehistoric Coastal California. Evolutionary Anthropology 22:124–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennett, Douglas J., Winterhalder, Bruce, Bartruff, Jacob, and Erlandson, Jon M. 2009 An Ecological Model for the Emergence of Institutionalized Social Hierarchies on California’s Northern Channel Islands. In Pattern and Process in Cultural Evolution, edited by Stephen Shennan, pp. 69–80. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Kennett, James P., and Lynn Ingram, B. 1995 Paleoclimatic Evolution of Santa Barbara Basin during the Last 20 k.y.: Marine Evidence from Hole 893A. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 146:309–325.Google Scholar
King, Chester 1976 Chumash Inter-Village Economic Exchange. In Native Californians: A Theoretical Perspective, edited by Lowell John Bean and Thomas C. Blackburn, pp. 289–318. Ballena Press, Menlo Park.Google Scholar
King, Chester 1990 Evolution of Chumash Society. Garland, New York.Google Scholar
Lambert, Patricia M., and Walker, Phillip L. 1991 Physical Anthropological Evidence for the Evolution of Social Complexity in Coastal Southern California. American Antiquity 65:963–973.Google Scholar
Lebow, Clayton G., and Harro, Douglas R. 1999 Plant Processing on the San Antonio Terrace: Archaeological Investigations at CA-SBA-2767. San Luis Obispo County Archaeological Society, San Luis Obispo.Google Scholar
Lepofsky, Dana, Lertzman, Ken, Hallett, Douglas, and Mathewes, Rolf 2005 Climate Change and Culture Change on the Southern Coast of British Columbia 2,400–1,200 cal. B.P.: An Hypothesis. American Antiquity 70:267–293.Google Scholar
Mann, Daniel, Edwards, James, Chase, Julie, Beck, Warren, Reanier, Richard, Mass, Michele, Finney, Bruce, and Loret, John 2008 Drought, Vegetation Change, and Human History on Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua, Easter Island). Quaternary Research 69:16–28.Google Scholar
Martin, Alexander C, and Barkley, William D. 1961 Seed Identification Manual. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Martin, Steve L., and Popper, Virginia S. 2001 Paieoethnobotanical Investigations of Archaeological Sites on Santa Cruz Island. In The Origins of a Pacific-Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 245–260. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Mayewski, Paul A., Rohling, Eelco E., Curt Stager, J., Karlen, Wibjorn, Maasch, Kirk A., David Meeker, L., Meyerson, Eric A., Gasse, Francoise, Kreveld, Shirley van, Holmgren, Karin, Lee-Thorp, Julia, Rosqvist, Gunhild, Rack, Frank, Staubwasser, Michael, Schneider, Ralph R., and Steig, Eric J. 2004 Holocene Climate Variability. Quaternary Research 62:243–255.Google Scholar
Miller, Naomi F. 1988 Ratios in Paieoethnobotanical Analysis. In Current Paleoethnobotany: Analytical Methods and Cultural Interpretations of Archaeological Plant Remains, edited by Christine A. Hastorf and Virginia S. Popper, pp. 72–85. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Minnich, Richard A. 1980 Vegetation of Santa Cruz Island. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Moseley, Michael 1975 The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization. Benjamin-Cummings, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Neff, Hector, Pearsall, Deborah M., Jones, John G., Bárbara Arroyo de Pieters, and Dorothy E. Freidel 2006 Climate Change and Population History in the Pacific Lowlands of Southern Mesoamerica. Quaternary Research 65:390–400.Google Scholar
Noah, Anna C. 2005 Household Economies: The Role of Animals in a Historic Period Chiefdom on the California Coast. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Pearsall, Deborah M. 2001 Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of Procedures. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Perry, Jennifer E. 2012 Diversity, Exchange, and Complexity in the Southern California Bight. In Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology, edited by Timothy R. Pauketat, pp. 224–234. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Pisias, Nicklas G.. 1978 Paleoceanography of the Santa Barbara Basin during the Last 8000 Years. Quaternary Research 10:366–384.Google Scholar
Pletka, Scott M. 2001 The Economics of Island Chumash Fishing Practices. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 221–244. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Prentiss, Anna M., Chatters, James C., Lyons, Natasha, and Harris, Lucille E. 2011 Archaeology in the Middle Fraser Canyon, British Columbia: Changing Perspectives on Paleoecology and Emergent Cultural Complexity. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 35:143–174.Google Scholar
Prentiss, William C, and Kuijt, Ian (editors) 2004 Complex Hunter-Gatherers: The Evolution and Or ganization of Prehistoric Communities on the Plateau of Northwestern North America. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Raab, L. Mark, and Larson, Daniel O. 1997 Medieval Climatic Anomaly and Punctuated Cultural Evolution in Coastal Southern California. American Antiquity 62:319–336.Google Scholar
Redman, Charles L. 2005 Resilience Theory in Archaeology. American An thropologist 107:70–77.Google Scholar
Rick, Torben C. 2007 The Archaeology and Historical Ecology of Late Holocene San Miguel Island, California. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Rick, Torben C. 2011 Weathering the Storm: Coastal Subsistence and Ecological Resilience on Late Holocene Santa Rosa Island, California. Quaternary International 239:135–146.Google Scholar
Sandweiss, Daniel H., and Kelley, Alice R. 2012 Archaeological Contributions to Climate Change Research: The Archaeological Record as a Paleoclimatic and Paleoenvironmental Archive. Annual Review of Anthropology 41:371–391.Google Scholar
Sandweiss, Daniel H., and Quilter, Jeffrey 2008 El Niño, Catastrophism, and Cultural Change in Ancient America. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sassaman, Kenneth E. 2004 Complex Hunter-Gatherers in Evolution and History: A North American Perspective. Journal of Archaeological Research 12:227–280.Google Scholar
Shennan, Stephen 1997 Quantifying Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Stine, Scott 1994 Extreme and Persistent Drought in California and Patagonia during Mediaeval Time. Nature 369:546–549.Google Scholar
Timbrook, Jan 2007 Chumash Ethnobotany: Plant Knowledge among the Chumash People of Southern California. Heyday Books, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Van der Veen, Marjike 2007 Formation Processes of Desiccated and Carbonized Plant Remains: The Identification of Routine Practice. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:968–990.Google Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M. 2006 Farming, Hunting, and Fishing in the Olmec World. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M., and Peres, Tanya M. (editors) 2010 Integrating Zooarchaeology and Paleoethnobotany: A Consideration of Issues, Methods, and Cases. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Vedder, John G., and Howell, David G. 1980 Topographic Evolution of the Southern California Borderland During Late Cenozoic Time. In The California Islands: Proceedings of a Multidisciplinary Symposium, edited by Dennis M. Power, pp. 7–31. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Wake, Thomas A. 2001 Bone Tool Technology on Santa Cruz Island and Implications for Exchange. In The Origins of a Pacific Coast Chiefdom: The Chumash of the Channel Islands, edited by Jeanne E. Arnold, pp. 183–197. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Brace, Kennett, Douglas J., Grote, Mark N., and Bartruff, Jacob 2010 Ideal Free Settlement of California’s Northern Channel Islands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29:469–490.Google Scholar
Wohlgemuth, Eric 2004 The Course of Plant Food Intensification in Native Central California. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Wright, Henry E. Jr. 1993 Environmental Determinism in Near Eastern Prehistory. Current Anthropology 34:458–469.Google Scholar
Wright, Patti J. 2005 Flotation Samples and Some Paleoethnobotanical Implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:19–26.Google Scholar
Wright, Patti J. 2010 Methodological Issues in Paleoethnobotany: A Consideration of Issues, Methods, and Cases. In Integrating Zooarchaeology and Paleoethnobotany: A Consideration of Issues, Methods, and Cases, edited by Amber M. VanDerwarker and Tanya M. Peres, pp. 37–64. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Young, James A., and Young, Cheryl G. 1992 Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon.Google Scholar