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Occasional Hunts or Mass Kills? Investigating the Origins of Archaeological Pronghorn Bonebeds in Southwest Wyoming

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jack N. Fenner
Jack N. Fenner*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and Natural History, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia (jack.fenner@anu.edu.au)
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Abstract

It is often unclear whether an archaeological animal bonebed was formed by a mass kill of individuals from a single prey population or through the accumulation of a number of separate kills which occurred over a long time period or at multiple locations. The isotope ratio variation within animals from an archaeological bonebed can be used to investigate this question by comparing the isotope ratio variation within an archaeological assemblage to the variation within modern populations. If the archaeological variation exceeds that expected within a single population, then an accumulation is indicated. Otherwise, a single mass kill or a series of kills from a single population over a fairly short time period is more likely. This technique is demonstrated using carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope ratios to characterize the amount of variation within pronghorn tooth enamel from six archaeological sites in southwestern Wyoming. The results indicate that the Austin Wash and Trappers Point sites are the result of an accumulation of pronghorn from multiple populations, while the Firehole Basin, Gailiun, and Boars Tusk sites do not show evidence of accumulation and therefore may be the result of mass kills. The Eden-Farson site formation characteristics are currently indeterminate.

Résumé

Résumé

A menudo es difícil determinar si un depósito arqueológico de restos óseos de animal se formó a través de la muerte en masa de individuos de una única población de presas, o a través de la acumulación de un número de muertes por separado que tuvieron lugar durante un periodo de tiempo prolongado o en múltiples lugares. Es posible utilizar la variación de relaciones isotópicas en los animales de un depósito arqueológico de huesos para investigar dicha cuestión. La variación de relaciones isotópicas de un contexto arqueológico es comparada con la variación en de población moderna y, si la variación arqueológica supera aquella que se espera dentro de una única población, se indica una acumulación. De otra manera, es más probable una única muerte en masa o una serie de muertes de una única población a lo largo de un periodo de tiempo relativamente corto. Dicha técnica queda demostrada mediante el uso de relaciones isotópicas de carbono, oxígeno y estroncio para caracterizar la magnitud de la variación en el esmalte de dientes de antílopes americanos proveniente de seis yacimientos arqueológicos del sudoeste de Wyoming. Los resultados indican que los yacimientos de Austin Wash y Trappers Point son el resultado de una acumulación de antilocapras americanas de diversas poblaciones, mientras que los yacimientos de Firehole Basin, Gailiun y Boars Tusk no presentan evidencia de acumulación y por lo tanto pueden ser el resultado de muertes en masa únicas. Las características de la formación del yacimiento de Eden-Farson aún no han sido determinadas.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 74 , Issue 2 , April 2009 , pp. 323 - 350
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2009

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