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Size and Shape Variation in Late Holocene Projectile Points of Southern Patagonia: A Geometric Morphometric Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Judith Charlin  and
Rolando González-José
Judith Charlin
Affiliation:
Instituto Multidisciplinario de Historia y Ciencias Humanas-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Saavedra 15, 5° piso, 1083ACA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina (judith_charlin@yahoo.com.ar)
Rolando González-José
Affiliation:
Unidad de Investigación en Diversidad, Sistemática y Evolución. Centro Nacional Patagónico-CONICET, Bvd. Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
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Abstract

Since the beginning of systematic archaeological studies in southern Patagonia (Argentina and Chile), projectile points have played an important role as cultural markers. A sequence of projectile point types was established according to their changes in size and shape. These stone tools, along with others cultural evidences, served to differentiate a series of “culturai periods” which were, for decades, the frame of reference to understand the cultural evolution in southernmost Patagonia. Although later researches have questioned several of these assumptions, the classical typology of projectile points continued in use until the present day. The goal of this work is to evaluate size and shape variation in two late Holocene projectile point types, known as Fell, Bird, or Magallanes IV and V points or Patagónicas and Ona points, respectively. These two types are compared using geometric morphometries and multivariate statistical analyses. The reliability in the discrimination between types is tested at the light of reduction. The analyses have shown a major incidence of reduction on shape rather than on size, and on blade rather than on stem. However, in average, types IV and V can be distinguished in terms of size, and stem shape despite reduction. Thus, even though successive cycles of use, damage and resharpening have a great influence over size and shape of projectile points, resharpening techniques are specific enough to maintain the differences of size and shape between types, a pattern that is probably related with functional requirements.

Resumen

Resumen

Desde los comienzos de los estudios arqueológicos sistemáticos en el sur de la Patagonia (Argentina y Chile), en la década de los 30’s, las puntas de proyectil han jugado un rol importante como marcadores culturales. De acuerdo con sus cambios en tamaño y forma, se estableció una secuencia de tipos morfológicos de puntas de proyectil. Estos instrumentos Uticos, junto con otras evidencias culturales, sirvieron para diferenciar una serie de “períodos culturales”, los cuales fueron, por décadas, el marco de referencia para entender la evolución cultural en el extremo austral de Patagonia meridional. A pesar de que las investigaciones posteriores han criticado varios de los supuestos básicos con los cuales se construyó esta periodizáción, la tipología clásica continúa en uso hasta hoy. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la variaciones en tamaño y forma en dos tipos de puntas de proyectil del Holoceno Tardío conocidos como Fell, Bird o Magallanes IV y V, o puntas Patagónicas y Onus, respectivamente. Éstos se consideraron como tipos diagnósticos para distinguir los Períodos IV y V en la secuencia regional de ocupación propuesta por Junius Bird. Aquí se comparan ambos tipos mediante análisis de morfometría geométrica y estadística multivariada. Se prueba la confiabilidad en la discriminación entre tipos a la luz de la reducción. La consideración del tamaño y la forma de las puntas de proyectil como variables independientes, gracias a las técnicas de la morfometría geométrica, ha permitido evaluar la incidencia relativa de la reducción sobre ambas variables, y también en relación con las diferentes partes que componen la punta de proyectil. Los análisis han mostrado una mayor incidencia de la reducción sobre la forma que sobre el tamaño, y sobre el borde que sobre el pedúnculo. Sin embargo, a pesar de los cambios morfométricos producto de la reducción, los tipos IV y V pueden distinguirse, en promedio, en base al tamaño y a la forma del pedúnculo. En consecuencia, si bien los sucesivos ciclos de uso, desgaste y reutilización tienen una gran influencia sobre el tamaño y la forma de las puntas de proyectil, las técnicas de reutilización son lo suficientemente específicas para mantener las diferencias de tamaño y forma entre tipos, probablemente en relación con demandas funcionales.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 77 , Issue 2 , April 2012 , pp. 221 - 242
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2012

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