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Rock Fortifications: Archaeological Insights Into Precontact Warfare and Sociopolitical Organization Among the Stó:lō of the Lower Fraser River Canyon, B.C.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

David M. Schaepe
David M. Schaepe*
Affiliation:
Stó:lō Nation, Chilliwack, B.C. V2R 4G5 / Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z1 (dave.schaepe@stolonation.bc.ca)
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Abstract

Whether or not traditional centralized leadership existed among the central Coast Salish of the Gulf of Georgia-Puget Sound Regions is a topic of ongoing interest and debate among archaeologists, social anthropologists, ethnohistorians, and Aboriginal communities. Recent findings in the lower Fraser River Canyon of British Columbia of a unique class of archaeological site—rock fortifications, newly identified on the Northwest Coast—present an opportunity to address this discussion. Description of these features and analysis of their situation within the physical and social landscapes of the Fraser Canyon provides insight into the nature of Stó:lō warfare and defensive strategy. I propose the existence of a multivillage defensive network aimed at regulating access to the entire “Canyon watershed” rather than simply defending individual settlements. I present a “corporate family group” model of sociopolitical organization through which this defensive system operated—representing a minimum level of intercommunity governance traditionally known to the Sto:Lō of the Gulf of Georgia Region. This proposition provides an alternate view to the long-held belief that individual households were the traditional centers of economy, and by extension, of political authority among the Aboriginal peoples of the Northwest Coast. These results affect the current understanding and reconstruction of traditional expressions of Stó: Lō identity engrained in sociopolitical organization.

Résumé

Résumé

La existencia o no de un liderazgo centralizado entre los Salish de las regiones del Golfo de Georgia y el Estrecho Puget es objeto actual de interés y debate entre arqueólogos, antropólogos sociales, etnohistoriadores y comunidades aborígenes. Descubrimientos recientes en la parte baja del Cañón del Río Fraser, en la Columbia Británica, de una clase única de sitio arqueológico-fortificaciones de piedra, identificadas por primera vez en la costa Noroccidental-, presentan una oportunidad para abordar la discusión. La descripción de esas estructuras dentro del paisaje y el panorama social en el Cañón del Fraser ofrece detalles sobre la naturaleza de los conflictos bélicos y las estrategias defensivas de los Stó:lō En este artículo, yo propongo la existencia de una red defensiva multi-aldeana que buscaba controlar el acceso a toda la parte baja del Cañón del Fraser, en lugar de simplemente defender asentamientos individuales. Presento un modelo de organización socio-política de “grupo familiar corporativo” por medio del que operaba este sistema defensivo—representando un nivel mínimo de gobierno intercomunal tradicionalmente conocido entre los Stó:lō de la región del Golfo de Georgia. Esta proposición provee un punto de vista alternativo a la creencia establecida de que hogares individuales eran los centros tradicionales de la economía y, por extensión, de autoridad política entre los aborígenes de la costa Noroccidental. Estos resultados afectan la comprensión actual y la reconstrucción de expresiones tradicionales de identidad Stó:lō arraigada en la organización socio-política.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 71 , Issue 4 , October 2006 , pp. 671 - 705
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2006

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