Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-767nl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-15T18:58:15.221Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Society and Technological Control: A Critical Review of Models of Technological Change in Ceramic Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Helen L. Loney
Helen L. Loney*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The use of evolution as either analogy or theory in ceramic change artificially imposes a view of technology that is directed. The use of progress has led to a tendency to equate technological change with technological improvement, as if change were unidirectional. This improvement is usually measured by modern standards of industrialization, such as increasing standardization, increasing speed of production, increasing quantity of production, and the overall increasing formality of the workshop. Within models that employ an evolutionary paradigm there is the implicit notion that: a) technology change, when it occurs, only occurs towards improvement; b) improvement occurs toward the most logical, efficient solution to a technological problem; and c) such a solution is rooted in fundamental scientific "truths" or "facts," which scientists or technicians "discover." Over the past twenty years, social scientists studying the development of modern technology and society have questioned the usefulness of evolution as a model for change. A critical appraisal of technologically determinist history of scientific discovery has found that important discoveries are frequently credited with fundamentally changing the course of history. The evidence of modern history and ethnography, however, shows that cultural values and embedded beliefs may be more powerful in selecting and directing developing technologies than any external factors. European archaeologists van der Leeuw, Petréquin, and Loney, among others, are now applying the findings of the techno-sociologists to the development of ancient pottery production. Their perspective on ancient technology takes into account personal choice as well as ecological resources and economic organization. The approach of European archaeologists permits the investigation of the varied trajectories of ancient ceramic technology without resorting to self-perpetuating, internally self-generating models of biological evolution.

Resumen

Resumen

El uso de la evolución como analogía o como técnica en el cambio artificial en la cerámica impone una visión directa de la tecnología. El uso de la evolución nos ha llevado a una tendencia de igualdad tecnológica con mejoramientos tecnológicos, como si los cambios fueran indirectos. Este mejoramiento está usualmente medido por los estdándares modernos de industrialización, como es el aumento de la estandarización, aumento en la velocidad de la producción, aumento en la cantidad de la produción y en resumen en el aumento de la formalizatión del taller. Dentro de modelos que emplean uní paradigma evolucionis-ta hay la noción implícita de: a) el cambio tecnológico cuando ocurre, esto ocurre sólo hacia un mejoramiento; b) mejoramiento ocurre hacia lo más lógico, una solución eficiente a un problema tecnológico; c) esta solución tiene raices en fundamentos científicos " verdades " o " realidades," que científicos o tecnólogos "han descubierto." En los últimos veinte años, la sociedad científica estudia el desarrollo de la tecnología moderna, y la sociedad se ha preguntado sobre la utilidad de la evolución como modelo para un cambio. Una evaluación crítica de la historia tecnológica determinista de descubrimientos científicos ha encontrado, que descubrimientos importantes están frecuentemente ligados con cambios fundamentales en el curso de la historia. Sin embargo, la evidencia de la historia moderna y la etnografía muestran que los valores culturales y las creencias profundas sean tal vez más poderosas en la selectión y la directión del desarrollo tecnológico que cualquier otro factor externo. Los arqueólogos europeos van der Leeuw. Petréquin y Loney, entre otros, están ahora aplicando los descubrimientos de los tecnó-sociólogos al desarrollo de la producción de cerámica antigua. Esta perspectiva de la antigua tecnología toma en cuenta la electión personal como también los recursos ecologócos y la organizatión económica. El enfoque de la arqueología europea nos permite investigar la muy variable trayectoria de la tecnología de la antigua cerámica sin regresar a unas leyes de auto- perpetuación y una auto-generación "biológica."

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 65 , Issue 4 , October 2000 , pp. 646 - 668
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, W. Y. 1979 On the Argument from Ceramics to History: A Challenge Based on evidence for Medieval Nubia. Current Anthropology 20: 727–734.Google Scholar
Annis, M. B. 1984 Pots in Oristano: A Lesson for the Archaeologist. Newsletter: Department of Pottery Technology, vol. 2, edited by van As, A., pp. 32–51. University of Leiden, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Annis, M. B. 1985 Resistance and Change, Pottery Manufacture in Sardinia. World Archaeology 17: 240–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annis, M. B. 1995 Economia di una Produzione Ceramica: Ricerca Etno- Archeologica nell'Oristanese (Anni “20-Anni “80). In Atti del Convegno la Ceramica A rtistica, d’ Uso e da Costruzione nell'Oristanese dal Neolitico ai Giorni Nostri, pp. 295–325. Oristano, Sardinia.Google Scholar
Annis, M. B., and Geertman, H. 1987 Production and Distribution of Cooking Ware in Sardinia. In A Knapsack Full ofPottery: Archaeo-Ceramalogical Miscellanea Dedicated to H. J. Franken, Newsletter: Department of Pottery Technology, vol. 5, edited by van As, A., pp. 154–196. Leiden University, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Annis, M. G., and Jacobs, L. 1986 Ethnoarchaeological Research: Pottery Production in Oristano (Sardinia). Relationships between Raw Materials, Manufacturing Techniques and Artifacts. Newsletter: Department of Pottery Technology, vol. 4, edited by van As, A., pp. 56–85. Leiden University, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Annis, M. G., and Jacobs, L. 1989 Cooking Ware from Pabillonis (Sardinia): Relationships between Raw Materials, Manufacturing Techniques and the Function of the Vessels. Newsletter: Department of Pottery Technology, vol. 7/8, edited by van As, A., pp. 75–132. Leiden University, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Annis, M. B., Jacobs, L., and Docter, R. F. 1995 Archaic Commercial Amphorae from Carthage: A Technological Analysis. Newsletter: Department of Pottery Technology, vol. 13, edited by van As, A., pp. 53–80.Google Scholar
Annis, M. B., Jacobs, L., and Docter, R. F. 1993 The Riu Mannu Survey Project in West Central Sardinia: A First Interim Report. Newsletter: Department of Pottery- Technology, vol. 11, edited by van As, A., pp. 31—46– Leiden University, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Annis, M. B., Jacobs, L., and Docter, R. F. 1998 Report Riu Mannu Fieldwork Campaign 1998. Report on File, University of Leiden, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Apadurai, A. (editor) 1986 Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. E. 1981 A Model for the Identification of Non-Local Ceramic Distribution: A View from the Present. In Production and Distribution: A Ceramic Viewpoint, edited by Howard, H. and Morris, E.L. pp. 31–14. BAR International Series 120, British Archaeological Reports, Centremead, Oxford.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. E. 1985 Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. E. 1989 Technological Diversity and Evolutionary Viability: A Comparison of Contemporary Pottery-Making Technologies in Guatemala, Peru, and Mexico. In Ceramic Ecology, 1988: Current Research on Ceramic Materials, edited by Kolb, C. C., pp. 29–59. BAR International series 513. British Archaeological Reports, Centremead, Oxford.Google Scholar
Arnold III, P. J. 1991 Domestic Ceramic Production and Spatial-Organization: A Mexican Case-Study in Ethnoarchaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aronson, M., Skibo, J. M., and Stark, M. T. 1994 Production and Use Technologies in Kalinga Pottery. In Kalinga Ethnoarchaeology: Expanding Archaeological Method and Theory, edited by Longacre, W. A. and Skibo, J.M. pp. 83–111. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.Google Scholar
Balfet, H. 1965 Ethnographical Observations in North Africa and Archaeological Interpretation. In Ceramics and Man, edited by Mason, F. R., pp. 161–177. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago.Google Scholar
Balfet, H. 1984 Methods of Formation and the Shape of Pottery. In The Many Dimensions of Pottery, edited by van der Leeuw, S. E. and Pritchard, A. C., pp. 171–201. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Barnes, B. 1974 Scientific Knowledge and Sociological Theory. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.Google Scholar
Barnett, W. K., and Hoopes, J. W. 1995 The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Barrett, J. C, and Foster, S. M. 1991 Passing the Time in Iron Age Scotland. In Scottish Archaeology: New Perceptions, edited by Hanson, W. S. and Slater, E.A. pp. 44–56. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen.Google Scholar
Basalla, G. 1988 The Evolution of Technology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. 1985 Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. 1991 The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages. Scientific American 265: 88–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bey III, G. J., and Pool, C. A. 1992 Ceramic Production and Distribution: An Integrated Approach. Westview, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Bijker, W. E., and Law, J. 1992 Introduction. In Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, edited by Bijker, W. E. and Law, J., pp. 1–16. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Binford, L. B. 1965 Archaeological Systematics and the Study of Culture Process. American Antiquity 31: 203–210.Google Scholar
Binford, L. B. 1968 Archaeological Perspectives. In New Perspectives in Archaeology, edited by Binford, S. R. and Binford, L.B. pp. 267–275. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Binford, L. B. 1972 Some Comments on Historical versus Processual Archaeology. In An Archaeological Perspective, edited by Binford, L. B., pp. 114–121. Seminar Press, New York.Google Scholar
Binford, L. B. 1989 Styles of Style. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 8: 51–67.Google Scholar
Boast, R. 1995 Fine Pots, Pure Pots. In Unbaked Urns of Rudely Shape: Essays on British and Irish Pottery for Ian Longworth, edited by Kinnes, I. and Varndell, G., pp. 69–80. Oxbow Monograph 55. Oxbow, Oxford.Google Scholar
Braun, D. P. 1983 Pots as Tools. In Archaeological Hammers and Theories, edited by Moore, J. A. and Keene, A.S. pp. 108–134. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Braun, D. P. 1987 Coevolution of Sedentism, Pottery Technology, and Horticulture in the Central Midwest, 200 B.C.-A.D. 600. In Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Keegan, W. F., pp. 155–184. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper no. 7. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Brown, J. A. 1989 The Beginnings of Pottery as an Economic Process. In What's New ? A Closer Look at the Processes of Innovation, edited by van der Leeuw, S. E. and Torrence, R., pp. 203–224. Unwin Hyman, London.Google Scholar
Callon, M. 1987 Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis. In The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, edited by Bijker, W. E., Hughes, T. P., and Pinch, T. J., pp. 83–103. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Cardwell, D. S. L. 1972 Technology, Science and History. Heinemann, London.Google Scholar
Carneiro, R. L. 1970 A Theory of the Origin of the State. Science 169: 733–738.Google Scholar
Catling, H. W. 1969 Minoan and Mycenaean Pottery: Composition and Provenance. Archaeometry 6: 1–10.Google Scholar
Challis, A. I., and Harding, D. W. 1975 Later Prehistory from the Trent to the Tyne: Part I: Discussion. BAR British Series 20(i). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Childe, V. G. 1930 The Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press, London.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. L. 1968 Analytical Archaeology. Methuen & Co Ltd, London.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. L. 1972 Models in Archaeology. Methuen & Co Ltd, London.Google Scholar
Clark, J. G. D. 1954 Excavations at Star Carr: An Early Mesolithic Site at Seamer Near Scarborough, Yorkshire. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Clark, J. G. D. 1972 Star Carr: A Case Study in Bio-Archaeology. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.Google Scholar
Clark, J. E., and Parry, W.I. 1990 Craft Specialization and Cultural Complexity. Research in Economic Anthropology 12: 289–346.Google Scholar
Collett, D. P. 1993 Metaphors and Representations Associated with Precolonial Iron-Smelting in Eastern and Southern Africa In The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, edited by Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B., and Okpoko, A., pp. 499–511. One World Archaeology No. 20. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Conkey, M. W 1990 Experimentation with Style in Archaeology: Some Historical and Theorectical Issues. In The Uses of Style in Archaeology, edited by Conkey, M. W. and Hastorf, C., pp. 5–17. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Costin, C. L., and Hagstrum, M. B. 1995 Standardization, Labor Investment, Skill and the Organization of Ceramic Production in Late Prehistoric Highland Peru. American Antiquity 60: 619–639.Google Scholar
Cullen, B. R. S. 1996 Cultural Virus Theory and the Eusocial Pottery Assemblage. In Darwinian Archaeologies, edited by G, H. D.. Maschner, pp. 43–59. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Cuomi di Caprio, N. 1979 Updraught Kilns and Tile Kilns in Italy in pre-Roman and Roman Times. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica 9/10: 23–31.Google Scholar
Darvill, T. 1987 Prehistoric Britain. B. T. Batsford Ltd., London.Google Scholar
Dunnell, R. C. 1980 Evolutionary Theory and Archaeology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 3, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 35–99. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Dunnell, R. C, and Feathers, J. K. 1991 Late Woodland Manifestations of the Maiden Plain, Southeast Missouri. In Late Woodland Stability, Transformation, and Variation in the Greater Southeastern United States, edited by Nassaney, M. S. and Cobb, C.R. pp. 168–189. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Durham, W. H. 1990 Advances in Evolutionary Culture Theory. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 187–210.Google Scholar
Durham, W. H. 1992 Applications of Evolutionary Culture Theory. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 331–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earle, T. 1991 Chiefdoms: Power, Economy and Ideology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Edwards, I., and Jacobs, L. 1986 Experiments with Stone “Pottery Wheel” Bearings: Notes on the use of Rotation in the Production of Ancient Pottery. Newsletter: Department of Pottery Technology, vol. 4, edited by van As, A., pp. 49–55. Leiden University, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Edwards, N. 1990 The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland. Batsford, London.Google Scholar
Ellis, L. 1980 Analysis of Cucuteni-Tripolye and Kurgan Pottery and the Implications for Ceramic Technology. Journal of Indo- European Studies 8: 211–230.Google Scholar
Ellis, L. 1984 The Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture: A Study in Technology and the Origins of Complex Society. International Series 217. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Epstein, S. M. 1993 Cultural Choice and Technological Consequences: Constraint of Innovation in the Late Prehistoric Copper Smelting Industry of Cerro Huaringa, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Flannery, K. V. 1972 The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3: 399–126.Google Scholar
Flannery, K. V. 1983 Archaeology and Ethnology in the Context of Divergent Evolution. In The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Flannery, K. V. and Marcus, J., pp. 361–362. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Flannery, K. V. (editor) 1976 The Early Mesoamerican Village. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Flannery, K. V., and Marcus, J. 1994 Early Formative Pottery of the Valley ofOaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca 27. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R. 1996 Organized Dissonance: Multiple Code Structures in the Replication of Human Culture. In Darwinian Archaeologies, edited by G, H. D.. Maschner, pp. 61–86. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Franken, H. J. 1987 Potmaking in Antiquity and the “Ceramic Horizon” in Archaeology. In Contributions to the Study of Pottery Technology, edited by van As, A., pp. 43–18. Publicatie van het Gallo-Romeins Museum no. 34, Tongeren.Google Scholar
Franken, H. J. 1989 “Form is the Essence of a Vessel.” Newsletter: Department of Pottery Technology, vol. 7/8, edited by van As, A., pp. 1–6. Leiden University, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Franken, H. J. 1995 Theory and Practice of Ceramic Studies in Archaeology. Newsletter: Department of Pottery Technology, vol. 13, edited by van As, A., pp. 81–102. Leiden University, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Gibson, A., and Woods, A. 1997 Prehistoric Pottery for the Archaeologist. Leicester University Press, Leicester.Google Scholar
Glanzman, W. D. 1983 Xeroradiographic Examination of Pottery Manufacturing Techniques: A Test Case from Baq'ah Valley, Jordan. MASCA Journal 2: 163.Google Scholar
Glanzman, W. D., and Fleming, S. J. 1985 Ceramic Technology at Prehistoric Ban Chiang, Thailand: Fabrication methods. MASCA 3: 114–121.Google Scholar
Glanzman, W. D., and Fleming, S. J. 1986 Xeroradiography: A Key to the Nature of Technological Change in Ancient Ceramic Production. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A242: 588–595.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1980 Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging? Paleobiology 6: 119–130.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1986 Evolution and the Triumph of Homology, or Why History Matters. American Scientist 74: 60–69.Google Scholar
Guidi, A. 1993 Le eta dei metalli nell'Itlaian centrale e in Sardegna. In Italia Preistoria, edited by Guidi, A. and Piperno, M., pp. 420–468. Guis. Laterza et Figli, Rome.Google Scholar
Guss, D. 1989 To Weave and Sing: Art, Symbol, and Narrative in the South American Rain Forest. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Haggerty, G. 1984 Observations on the Ceramic Material from Phase I Pits BY and AQ. In Excavations at Keslo Abbey, edited by Tabraham, C. J., Proceedings of the Antiquaries of Scotland 114: 10.Google Scholar
Hayden, B. 1995 The Emergence of Prestige Technologies and Pottery. In The Emergence of Pottery, Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by Barnett, W. K. and W, J. Hoopes. pp. 257–265. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Hegmon, M. 1992 Archaeological Research on Style. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 517– 536.Google Scholar
Heimann, R. B. 1989 Assessing the Technology of Ancient Pottery: The Use of Ceramic Phase Diagrams. Archaeomaterials 3: 123–148.Google Scholar
Heme, A. 1988 A Time and a Place for the Grimston Bowl: The First Neolithic in Britain. In The Archaeology of Context in the Neolithic and Bronze Age: Recent Trends, edited by Barrett, J. C. and Kinnes, I.A. pp. 9–29. Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield, Sheffield.Google Scholar
Higgs, E. 1997 Revisiting Determinism. Research in Philosophy and Technology 16: 189– 193.Google Scholar
Higgs, E. S. (editor) 1972 Papers in Economic Prehistory: Studies by Members and Associates of the British Academy Major Research Project in the Early History of Agriculture. Cambridge University Press, London.Google Scholar
Higham, N. 1986 The Northern Counties to A.D. 1000. Longman, London Google Scholar
Hill, J. N. 1991 Archaeology and the Accumulation of Knowledge. In Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies: Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past, edited by Preucel, R. W., Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 10, pp. 42–53. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1977 The Distribution of Material Culture Items in the Baringo District, Western Kenya. Man 12: 239–269.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1978 The Maintenance of Group Identities in the Baringo District, West Kenya In Social Organisation and Settlement: Contributions from Anthropology, Archaeology and Geography Part I, edited by Green, D., Haselgrove, C., and Spriggs, M., pp. 47–74. BAR International series 47. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1984 History vs Science: No Contest. Review of In Pursuit of the Past, by L. R. Binford, Thames and Hudson, 1983, and The Identity of Man, by J. G. D. Clark, Methuen, 1983. Scottish Archaeological Review (3): 66–68.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1985 Postprocessual Archaeology. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 8, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 1–26. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando.Google Scholar
Hodder, I. 1991 Archaeological Theory in Contemporary European Societies: The Emergence of Competing Traditions. In Archaeological Theory in Europe: The Last Three Decades, edited by Hodder, I., pp. 1–24. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Hoopes, J. W. 1994 Ford Revisted—A Critical-Review of Chronology and Relationships of the Earliest Ceramic Complexes in the New- World, 6000-15000 B.C. Journal of World Prehistory 8: 1–19.Google Scholar
Howard, H. 1981 In the Wake of Distribution: Towards an Integrated Approach to Ceramic Studies in Prehistoric Britain. In Production and Distribution: A Ceramic Viewpoint, edited by Howard, H. and Morris, E.L. pp. 1–29. BAR International Series 120. British Archaeological Reports, Centremead, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hughes, T. P. 1987 The Evolution of Large Technological Systems. In The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History ofTechnology, edited by Bijker, W. E., Hughes, T. P., and Pinch, T. J., pp. 51–82. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Joachim, M. 1976 Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence and Settlement: A Predictive Model. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Jones, A. M. 1997 A Biography of Ceramics: Food and Culture in Late Neolithic Orkney. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow.Google Scholar
Kelly, P., and Kranzen, M. 1978 Technological Change. In Technological Innovation, edited by Kelly, P. and Kranzen, M., pp. 1–30. San Francisco Press, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Kingery, W. D. 1984 Interactions of Ceramic Technology with Society. In Pots and Potters, edited by Rice, P. M., pp. 171–178. Regents of the University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Kingery, W. D. 1996 Materials Science and Material Culture. In Learning from Things: Method and Theory of Material Culture Studies, edited by Kingery, W. D., pp. 181 – 203. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., and LondonGoogle Scholar
Kinnes, I. 1988 The Cattleship Potemkin: The First Neolithic in Britain. In The Archaeology of Context in the Neolithic and Bronze Age: Recent Trends, edited by Barrett, J. C. and Kinnes, I.A. pp. 2–8. Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield, Sheffield.Google Scholar
Klemptner, L. J., and Johnson, P. F. 1985 An Analytical Approach to the Technological Development of Mississippian Pottery. In Ancient Technology to Modern Science, edited by Kingery, W. D., pp. 101–112. Ceramics and Civilization, vol. I, Kingery, W. D., general editor. The American Ceramic Society, Inc., Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar
Kolb, C. C. 1989a Ceramic Ecology in Retrospect: A Critical Review of Methodology and Results. In Ceramic Ecology, 1988: Current Research on Ceramic Materials, edited by Kolb, C. C., pp. 261–375. BAR International Series 513. British Archaeological Reports, Centremead, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kolb, C. C. 1989b The Current Status of Ceramic Studies. In Ceramic Ecology, 1988: Current Research on Ceramic Materials, edited by Kolb, C. C., pp. Ull-M 1. BAR International Series 513. British Archaeological Reports, Centremead, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kolb, C. C. (editor) 1988 Ceramic Ecology Revisited, 1987: The Technology and Socioeconomics of Pottery. BAR International Series 436, Volume 1. British Archaeological Reports, Centremead, Oxford.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, S. A. 1990 The Evolution of Complexity in the Valley of Oaxaca. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 39–58.Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. L. 1948 Anthropology, revised edition. Harcourt, Brace and World, New York.Google Scholar
Lackey, L. M. 1982 The Pottery ofAcatlan: A Changing Mexican Tradition. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Lane, A. 1990 Hebridean Pottery: Problems of Definition, Chronology, Presence and Absence. In Beyond the Brochs, edited by Armit, I., pp. 108–130. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Latour, B. 1993 Nous n ‘avons jamais ete modernes [We have never been morfemy.Ttranslated by Catherine Porter. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Latour, B., and Woolgar, S. 1986 Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton University Press, Princeton.Google Scholar
Laudan, R. 1984 Introduction. In The Nature of Technological Knowledge: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? edited by Laudan, R., pp. 1–26. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht.Google Scholar
Lechtman, H. 1973 The Gilding of Metals in Precolumbian Peru. In Application of Science in Examination of Works of Art, edited by Young, W. J., pp. 38–52. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.Google Scholar
Lechtman, H. 1977 Style in Technology—Some Early Thoughts. In Material Culture: Styles, Organization, and Dynamics ofTechnology, edited by Lechtman, H. and Merrill, R.S. pp. 3–20. West, New York.Google Scholar
Lechtman, H. 1979 Issues in Andean Metallurgy. In Pre-Columbian Metullurgy of South American, edited by Benson, E. P., pp. 1–40. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Lemonnier, P. 1986 The Study of Material Culture Today: Toward an Anthropology of Technical Systems. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5: 147–186.Google Scholar
Lechtman, H. 1993 Introduction. In Technological Choices: Transformation in Material Cultures Since the Neolithic, edited by Lemonnier, P., pp. 1–35. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Leone, M. P. 1981 Archaeology's Relationship to the Present and the Past. In Modern Material Culture: The Archaeology of Us, edited by Gould, R. A. and Schiffer, M.B. pp. 2–1. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Leone, M. P. 1982 Some Opinions about Recovering Mind. American Antiquity 47: 742–760.Google Scholar
Leone, M. P. 1984 Interpreting Ideology in Historical Archaeology. In Ideology, Power and Prehistory, edited by Miller, D. and Tilley, C., pp. 25–35. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1971 [1945] Evolution et techniques: 1-2. L'Homme et la matiere. Albin Michel, Paris.Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1963 Structural Anthropology. Basic Books, New York.Google Scholar
Loney, H. L. 1995 The Development of Apennine Ceramic Manufacturing Technology: Xeroradiographic Analysis. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Loney, H. L. 1997 Development of Manufacturing Technique in Bronze Age Italy. Paper presented at the Ceramic Technology and Production Conference, Department of Scientific Research, British Museum, London.Google Scholar
Loney, H. L. 2000 The Development of Ceramic Production at Casale Nuovo (Lazio): Identifying the Rise of Complex Society in the Archaeological. The Emergence of State Identities in the 1st Millennium BC, edited by and Lomas, E. H. K., Accordia, London, in press.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, D., and Wajcman, J. (editors) 1985 The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got Its Hum. Open University Press, Milton Keynes.Google Scholar
Maniatis, Y., Simopoulos, A., and Kostikas, A. 1982 Present Day Knowledge of Mediterranean Pottery After 10 years of Thin-Sectioning at the University of Genoa. In Current Research in Ceramics: Thin- Sectioning Studies, British Occasional Papers vo. 32. edited by Freestone, I., Johns, C. and Potter, T., pp. 89–93. British Museum, London.Google Scholar
Matson, F. R. 1965 Ceramic Ecology: An Approach to the Study of the Early Cultures of the Near East. In Ceramics and Man, edited by Matson, F. R., pp. 202–217. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Mauss, M. 1935 Les Techniques du corps. Journal de psychologie 32: 271–93.Google Scholar
McCarthy, M. R., and Brooks, C. M. 1988 Medieval Pottery in Britain, A.D. 900-1600. Leicester University Press, Leicester.Google Scholar
Miller, D. 1985 Artefacts and Categories: A Study of Ceramic Variability in Central India. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Miller, D. 1994 Modernity: An Ethnographic Approach: Dualism and Mass Consumption in Trinidad. Oxford Press, Providence, RI.Google Scholar
Miller, D., and Tilley, C. 1984 Ideology, Power, Material Culture and Long-Term Social Change. In Ideology, Power and Prehistory, edited by Miller, D. and Tilley, C., pp. 147–152. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Mithen, S. 1996 The Origin of Art: Natural Signs, Mental Modularity, and Visual Symbolism. In Darwinian Archaeologies, edited by G, H. D.. Maschner, pp. 197–217. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Morris, E. 1981 Ceramic Exchange in Western Britain: A Preliminary View. In Production and Distribution: A Ceramic Viewpoint, edited by Howard, H. and Morris, E.L. pp. 67–82. BAR International Series 120. British Archaeological Reports, Centremead, Oxford.Google Scholar
Morris, E. 1996 Artefact Production and Exchange in the British Iron Age. In The Iron Age in Britain and Ireland: Recent Trends, edited by Champion, T. C. and Collis, J.R. pp. 41–66. J. R. Collis Publications, Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield, Sheffield.Google Scholar
Myers, T. P. 1989 The Role of Pottery in the Rise of American Civilizations: The Ceramic Revolution. In Ceramic Ecology, 1988: Current Research on Ceramic Materials, edited by Kolb, C. C., pp. 1–28. BAR International Series 513. British Archaeological Reports, Centremead, Oxford.Google Scholar
Neff, H. 1990 Culture Contact and Ceramic Evolution: Examplesfrom Mesoamerica. In The Changing Roles of Ceramics in Society: 26,000 BP to the Present, edited by Kingery, W. D., pp. 159–181. Ceramics and Civilization, vol. 5. The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH.Google Scholar
Neff, H. 1992 Ceramics and Evolution. A Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 4, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 141–193. Academic Press, New York Google Scholar
Neff, H., and Bishop, R. L. 1988 Plumbate Origins and Development. American Antiquity 53: 505–522.Google Scholar
Neff, H., Bishop, R. L., and Sayre, E. V 1988 A Simulation Approach to the Problem of Tempering in Compositional Studies of Archaeological Ceramics. Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 159–172.Google Scholar
Neff, H., Larson, D. O., and Glascock, M. D. 1997 The Evolution of Anasazi Ceramic Production and Distribution: Compositional Evidence from a Pueblo III Site in South-Central Utah. Journal of Field Archaeology 24: 473–192.Google Scholar
Noble, D. F. 1984 Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.Google Scholar
O'Brien, M. J. 1996 The Historical Development of an Evolutionary Archaeology: A Selectionist Approach. In Darwinian Archaeologies, edited by Maschner, H. D.G., pp. 19–32. Plenum Press. New York.Google Scholar
O'Brien, M. J., Holland, T. D., Hoard, R. J., and Fox, G. L. 1994 Evolutionary Implications of Design and Performance Characteristics of Prehistoric Pottery, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1: 259–304.Google Scholar
Papazian, C, and Campbell, E. 1100-1600. Bulletin of the Welsh Pottery Research Group Medieval and Later Pottery (13).Google Scholar
Peacock, D. P. S. 1977 Ceramics in Roman and Medieval Archaeology. In Pottery and Early Commerce: Characterization and Trade in Roman and Later Ceramics, edited by Peacock, D. P. S., pp. 21–23. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Peacock, D. P. S. 1981 Archaeology, Ethnology and Ceramic Production. In Production and Distribution: A Ceramic Viewpoint, edited by Howard, H. and Morris, E., pp. 187–194. BAR International Series 120. British Archaeological Reports, Centremead, Oxford.Google Scholar
Petrequin, P. 1993 North Wind, South Wind: Neolithic Technical Choices in the Jura Mountains, 3700-2400 B.C. In Technological Choices: Transformation in Material Cultures Since the Neolithic, edited by Lemonnier, P., pp. 36–76. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Pfaffenberger, B. 1988 Fetishised Objects and Humanised Nature: Towards an Anthropology of Technology. Man (n.s.) 23: 236–252.Google Scholar
Pfaffenberger, B. 1992 Social Anthropology of Technology. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 491–516.Google Scholar
Pinch, T. J., and Bijker, W. E. 1987 The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts: Or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of Technology Might Benefit Each Other. In The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, edited by Bijker, W. E., Hughes, T. P. and Pinch, T. J., pp. 17–50. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Preucel, R. W. 1991 Introduction. In Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies: Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past, edited by Preucel, R. W., pp. 1–14. Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper No. 10, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Rathje, W. L., and Schiffer, M. B. 1982 Archaeology. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.Google Scholar
Reber, S. C, and Smith, M. R. 1986 Contextual Contrasts: Recent Trends in the History of Technology. In Ceramics and Civilization, edited by Kingery, W. D., pp. 1–15. Vol. 3. The American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C. 1972 The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B. C. Methuen, London.Google Scholar
Renfrew, C., and Zubrow, E. B. W. (editors) 1994 The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. 1981 Evolution of Specialized Pottery Production: A Trial Model. Current Anthropology 22(3): 219–240.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. 1996a Recent Ceramic Analysis: 1. Function, Style and Origins. Journal of Archaeological Research 4: 133–163.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. 1996b Recent Ceramic Analysis: 2. Composition, Production and Theory. Journal of Archaeological Research 4: 165–202.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. 1999 On the Origins of Pottery. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 6: 1 –54.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. (editor) 1984 Pots and Potters: Current approaches in ceramic archaeology. UCLA Institute of Archaeology Monograph 24. University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Rindos, D. 1989 Undirected Variation and the Darwinian Explanation of Cultural Change. In Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 1, edited by Schiffer, M. B., pp. 1–46. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Rowlands, M., and Warnier, J.-P. 1993 The Magical Production of Iron in the Cameroon Grassfields. In The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, edited by Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B., and Okpoko, A., pp. 512–550. One World Archaeology No. 20. Roiitledge, London.Google Scholar
Rye, O. S. 1976 Keeping Your Temper under Control: Materials and Manufacture of Papuan Pottery in Archaeology. Oceania 11: 106–137.Google Scholar
Rye, O. S. 1977 Pottery Manufacturing Technques: X-ray Studies. Archaeometry 19: 205–211.Google Scholar
Rye, O. S. 1981 Pottery Technology: Principles and Reconstruction. Manuals on Archaeology 4. Taraxacum, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Sackett, J. R. 1982 Approaches to Style in Lithic Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1: 59–112.Google Scholar
Sackett, J. R. 1986 Isochrestism and Style: A Clarification. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5: 266–277'.Google Scholar
Sackett, J. R. 1990 Style and Ethnicity in Archaeology: The Case for Isocrestism. In The Uses of Style in Archaeology, edited by Conkey, M. W. and Hastorf, C., pp. 32–43. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B., and Skibo, J. M. 1987 Theory and Experiment in the Study of Technological Change. Current Anthropology 28: 959–622.Google Scholar
Schwartz Cowan, R. 1983 More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave. Basic Books, New York.Google Scholar
Shanks, M., and Tilley, C. 1987 Re-Constructing Archaeology: Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Shepard, A. O. 1964 Temper Identification: “Technological Sherd-Splitting” Or An Unanswered Challenge. American Antiquity 29: 518–520.Google Scholar
Shepard, A. O. 1965 Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Shimada, I., Epstein, S. M., and Craig, A. K. 1982 Batan Grande: A Prehistoric Metallurgical Center in Peru. Science 216: 952– 959.Google Scholar
Shimada, I., Epstein, S. M., and Craig, A. K. 1983 The Metallurgical Process in Ancient North Peru. Archaeology 36(5): 38–15.Google Scholar
Sillar, B. 1996 The Dead and the Drying: Techniques for Transforming People and Things in the Andes. Journal of Material Culture 1: 259–289.Google Scholar
Skibo, J. M. 1992 Pottery Function: A Use-Alteration Perspective. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, M. R., and Marx, L. (editors) 1994 Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Stark, M. T. 1992 From Sibling to Suki: Social-Relations and Spatial Proximity in Kalinga Pottery Exchange. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11: 137–151.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, V. P. 1984 Technological Studies of Prehistoric Pottery from Alabama: Physical Properties and Vessel Function. In The Many Dimensions of Pottery, edited by van der Leeuw, S. E. and Pritchard, A. C., pp. 79–127. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Steward, J. H. 1955 The Theory of Culture Change. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Stimmell, C, Heimann, R. B., and Hancock, R. G. V. 1982 Indian Pottery from the Mississippi Valley: Coping with Bad Raw Materials. In Archaeological Ceramics, edited by Olin, J. S. and Franklin, A.D. pp. 219–228. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Thomas, N. 1991 Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Tite, M. S. 1996 Dating, Provenance, and Usage in Material Culture Studies. In Learning from Things: Method and Theory of Material Culture Studies, edited by Kingery, W. D., pp. 231–260. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. and London Google Scholar
Trigger, B. 1989 A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Underhill, A. P. 1991 Pottery Production in Chiefdoms: The Longshan Period in Northern China. World Archaeology 23: 12–27.Google Scholar
Van As, A. 1984 Reconstructing the Potter's Craft. In The Many Dimensions of Pottery, edited by van der Leeuw, S. E. and Pritchard, A. C., pp. 129–164. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam,Google Scholar
van As, A., and Jacobs, L. 1995 An Examination of the Clays Probably used by the Ancient Potters of Lehun (Jordan). Newsletter: Department of Pottery Technology, vol. 13, edited by van As, A., pp. 14–25. Leiden University, the Netherlands,Google Scholar
van As, A., and Wijnen, M.-H. 1989 The Potter from Ornekkoy (Turkey): Some Observations. Newsletter: Department of Pottery Technology, vol. 7/8, edited by van As, A., pp. 69–74. Leiden University, the Netherlands,Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, S. E. 1977 Towards a Study of the Economics of Pottery Making. In Ex Horreo, pp. 68–76. Vol. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, S. E. 1984 Pottery Manufacture: Some Complications for the Study of Trade. In Pots and Potters: Current Approaches in Ceramic Archaeology, edited by Rice, P. M., pp. 55–69. UCLA Institute of Archaeology, Monograph 24, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, S. E. 1993 Giving the Potter a Choice. In Technological Choices: Transformation in Material Cultures Since the Neolithic, edited by Lemonnier, P., pp. 238–288. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, S. E., and Pritchard, A. C. (editors) 1984 The Many Dimensions of Pottery. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, S. E., and Torrence, R. (editors) 1989 What's New? A Closer Look at the Process of Innovation. Unwin Hyman, London.Google Scholar
Vandiver, P. B. 1987 Sequential Slab Construction: A Conservative Southwest Asiatic Ceramic Tradition ca. 7000-3000 B.C. Paleorient 13: 9–35.Google Scholar
Vandiver, P. B. 1988 The Implications of Variation in Ceramic Technology: The Forming of Neolithic Storage Vessels in China and the Near East. Archaeomaterials 2: 139– 174.Google Scholar
Vandiver, P. B., Sofer, O., and Klima, B. 1990 Venuses and Wolverines: The Origins of Ceramic Technology, ca 26,000 B. P. In Ceramic and Civilization, vol. 5, edited by Kingery, W. D., pp. 13–81. American Ceramic Society, Columbus, OH.Google Scholar
Vandiver, P. B., Sofer, O., Klima, B. and Svoboda, J. 1989 The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni'Vestonice, Czechoslovakia. Science 246: 1002–1008.Google Scholar
Wardle, P. 1992 Earlier Prehistoric Pottery Production and Ceramic Petrology in Britain. BAR British Series 225. Tempus Reparatum, Oxford.Google Scholar
Watson, P. J. 1984 Archaeological Explanation. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Watson, P. J. 1991 A Parochial Primer: The New Dissonance as Seen from the Midcontinental United States. In Processual and Postprocessual Archaeologies: Multiple Ways of Knowing the Past, edited by Preucel, R. W., pp. 265–276. Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper No. 10, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.Google Scholar
Weiner, B., and J., Schneider (editors) 1991 Cloth and the Human Experience. Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Inquiry. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
White, L. A. 1959 The Evolution of Culture. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Willey, G., and Sabloff, J. A. 1980 A History of American Archaeology. W. H. Freeman. San Francisco.Google Scholar
Wissler, C. 1914 Material Cultures of the North American Indians. American Anthropologist 16: 447–505.Google Scholar
Wylie, A. 1991 Gender Theory and the Archaeological Record: Why is There No Archaeology of Gender? In Engendering A rclweology: Women and Prehistory, edited by Gero, J. M. and Conkey, M.W. pp. 31–54. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar