1 Friedman, Leon, Political Power and Legal Legitimacy: A Short History of Political Trials, 30 Antioch Rev. 157 (1970); Richard B. Morris, Fair Trial: Fourteen Who Stood Trial from Ann Hutchinson to Alger Hiss (rev. ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1967).Google Scholar

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8 Dworkin, Ronald, What Is the Rule of Law, 30 Antioch Rev. 151 (1970). See also David Potter, Social Cohesion and the Crisis of Law, in David M. Potter, History and American Society: Essays of David M. Potter 390 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).Google Scholar

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13 The most important work on political justice in the modern world is Otto Kirchheimer, Political Justice: The Use of Legal Procedure for Political Ends (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961). See also Becker, supra note 11; Hakman, Nathan, Political Trials in the Legal Order: A Political Scientist's Perspective, 21 J. Pub. L. 73 (1972); id., Old and New Left Activity in the Legal Order: An Interpretation, 27 J. Soc. Issues 105, 105–21 (1971). The best bibliography of writing is in Belknap, supra note 12, at 287–300.Google Scholar

14 Belknap is, if anything, too concerned with definition. His introduction reviews at length the various categorical definitions put forward by Kirchheimer, Becker, and others. His own broad yet convoluted definition obscures rather than clarifies the relationship between political and criminal trials. Belknap observes:. One may properly apply the term “political trial” to any trial or impeachment that immediately affects or is intended to affect the structure, personnel, or policies of government, that is the product of or has its outcome determined by political controversy, or that results from the efforts of a group within society having control of the machinery of government to use the courts to disadvantage its rivals in a power struggle which is not itself immediately political or to preserve its own economic or social position. Belknap, supra note 12, at 6. Would not, e.g., Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954), fit this definition? I think so, yet that litigation is seldom portrayed as a political trial. Perhaps a somewhat wiser course in this matter, to paraphrase Justice Potter Stewart, would be to adopt the position that we know a political trial when we see it. On the trial court litigation in the Brown case, see Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality 287–542 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975).Google Scholar

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20 Leonard W. Levy, Legacy of Suppression: Freedom of Speech and Press in Early American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1964).Google Scholar

21 Steven R. Boyd, Political Choice—Political Justice: The Case of the Pennsylvania Loyalists, in Belknap, supra note 12, at 43, 54; Daniel Novak, The Pullman Strike Cases: Debs, Darrow, and the Labor Injunction, in Belknap, supra note 12, at 129.Google Scholar

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23 Wesser, Robert F., Conflict and Compromise: The Workmen's Compensation Movement in New York, 1890s-1930, 12 Labor Hist. 34 (1971).Google Scholar

24 Harold Josephson, Political Justice During the Red Scare: The Trial of Benjamin Gitlow, in Belknap, supra note 12, at 153, 171.Google Scholar

25 Leo P. Ribuffo, United States v. McWilliams: The Roosevelt Administration and the Far Right, in Belknap, supra note 12, at 201; United States v. McWilliams, 54 F. Supp. 791 (D.D.C. 1944).Google Scholar

26 James W. Ely, Jr., The Chicago Conspiracy Case, in Belknap, supra note 12, at 263.Google Scholar

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29 As quoted in Stanley I. Kutler, ed., The Dred Scott Decision: Law or Politics? 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1967).Google Scholar

30 On the growth of the national security state see Athan Theoharris, Spying on Americans: Political Surveillance from Hoover to the Houston Plan (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978), and on the impact of the development of American bureaucracy on the legal culture see William E. Nelson, The Roots of American Bureaucracy, 1830–1900, at 113–55 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982).Google Scholar

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33 See, e.g., Alistair Cook, A Generation on Trial: U.S.A. v. Alger Hiss (2d ed. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1968); Walter Schneir & Miriam Schneir, Invitation to an Inquest, (2d ed. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1973); George Marion, The Communist Trial: An American Crossroads (2d ed. New York: Fair-play Publishers, 1950). A more sophisticated view of events is given in Allen Weinstein's Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), and Belknap, supra note 17.Google Scholar

34 Kutler, supra note 12, at xii.Google Scholar

35 Id.Google Scholar

36 Id. at 29.Google Scholar

37 Id. at 58.Google Scholar

38 Id. at 87.Google Scholar

39 Id. at 151.Google Scholar

40 Kent v. Dulles, 357 U.S. 116 (1958).Google Scholar

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42 Id. at 244.Google Scholar

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