1 For attempts to place the family in an institutional context, though more in relation to the market than to other institutions, see Eli Zaretsky, Capitalism, the Family, and Personal Life (New York, 1976); Lise Vogel, The Contested Domain: A Note on the Family in the Transition to Capitalism, 1 Marxist Persp. 50 (1978); Tamara Hareven, Family Time and Industrial Time: The Relationship Between the Family and Work in a New England Industrial Community (Cambridge, 1982). For another assessment of this literature see Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Families, Family Process, and Economic Life: Toward Systematic Analysis of Social Historical Research, 84 Am. J. Soc. 316 (1978).Google Scholar

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16 Such an endeavor is the goal of the current program in the History of the Law of the Family at the School of Law, University of Wisconsin, Madison, at which this paper was first presented.Google Scholar

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119 2 Kent, supra note 61, at 215–16; Rollin C. Hurd, A Treatise on the Right of Personal Liberty 522–27 (Albany, N.Y., 1858); Lewis Hochheimer, A Treatise Relating to the Custody of Infants 382–92 (Baltimore, 1889).Google Scholar

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121 Id. at 389.Google Scholar

122 Id. at 372.Google Scholar

123 And see Cooley v. Dewey, 21 Mass. (4 Pick.) 93 (1826); Lange v. Richous, 6 La. 560 (1834); Earle and McNier v. Dawes, 3 Md. Ch. 230(1849); Kelly's Heirs v. McGuire and Wife, 15 Ark. 555 (1855); Flin-tham v. Holder, 16 N.C. (1 Dev. Eq.) 349 (1829); Little v. Lake, 8 Ohio 289 (1838); Miller v. Stewart, 8 Gill 12 (Md. 1849); Brown v. Dye, 2 Root 280 (Conn. 1795); Woodstock v. Hooker, 6 Conn. 36 (1825); Burlington v. Fosby, 6 Vt. 83 (1834); Kent v. Barker, 68 Mass. (2 Gray) 535 (1854); Tapping Reeve, A Treatise on the Law of Descents 96 (New York, 1825); 2 Kent, supra note 61, at 212–14; Griffith, supra note 115, vols. 1 & 2.Google Scholar

124 For a similar analysis of the impact of the Revolution on inheritance law see Katz, Stanley N., Republicanism and the Law of Inheritance in the American Revolutionary Era, 76 Mich. L. Rev. 1 (1976).Google Scholar

125 See Cott, , supra note 31; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experiences of American Women, 1750–1800 (Boston, 1980); Kerber, supra note 14; Lebsock, supra note 14.Google Scholar

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127 Adams v. Adams, 59 Vt. 158, 161 (1877). For illustrations of class and culturally biased uses of the law see Philadelphia v. Bristol, 6 Serg. & Rawle 502 (Pa. 1819); Boylston v. Princeton, 13 Mass. 381 (1816); Manchester v. Springfield, 15 Vt. 385 (1843); Robalina v. Armstrong, 15 Barb. 247 (N.Y. 1852); Byrne v. Love, 14 Tex. 81 (1855); and see Bloomfield, supra note 72, at 122–35. For a particularly insightful recent assessment of the policy implications of nineteenth-century poverty and dependency see Katz, supra note 87.Google Scholar

128 Illegitimacy Laws of the United States 42 (Washington, D.C., 1919); and for examples of this aspect of bastardy law see Schooler v. Commonwealth, 16 Ky. 88 (1809); Hinman v. Taylor, 2 Conn. 357 (1817); Moncrief v. Ely, 19 Wend. 405 (N.Y. 1838); State v. Goode, 32 N.C. (10 Ired.)49 (1849); Morse v. Pineo, 4 Vt. 281 (1832); Spalding v. Felch, 1 Root 319 (Conn. 1791); Johnson v. Randall, 7 Mass. 340 (1811); Cooper v. State, 4 Blackf. 316 (Ind. 1837); Shenk v. Mingle, 13 Serg. & Rawle 28 (Pa. 1825); Burgen v. Straughan, 7 J. J. Marsh. 583 (Ky. 1832); Coleman v. Frum, 3 Scam. 378 (Ill. 1842); 2 Kent, supra note 61, at 216–17; William Rockel, Evidence in Bastardy Cases, 18 Cent. L.J. 305–7 (1884).Google Scholar

129 For examples of the process of diffusion in various categories of bastardy law, see Egbert v. Greenwalt, 44 Mich. 245 (1880); Fox v. Burke, 31 Minn. 319 (1883); Herring v. Goodson, 43 Miss. 392 (1870–71); Hawbecker v. Hawbecker, 43 Md. 516 (1875); Crane v. Crane, 31 la. 296 (1871); Pina v. Peck, 31 Cal. 359 (1866); Dickenson's Appeal from Probate, 42 Conn. 491 (1875); Bales v. Elder, 118 Ill. 436 (1887); Keeler v. Dawson, 73 Mich. 600 (1889); State v. Noble, 70 la. 174 (1886); Frederic Stimson, American Statute Law §§ 3151, 6620–6622, 6631–6636 (Boston, 1886); 4 Vernier, supra note 80, at 150–52, 178–82, 190–92; Frank Fessenden, Nullity of Marriage, 13 Harv. L. Rev. 110 (1899–1900); Florence Kelly, On Some Changes in the Legal Status of the Child Since Blackstone, 13 Int'l Rev. 96 (1882).Google Scholar

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131 Mohr, supra note 86; Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America (New York, 1974); James Reed, From Private Vice to Public Virtue: The Birth Control Movement and American Society Since 1830 (New York, 1978); David Pivar, The Purity Crusade: Social Morality and Social Control, 1868–1900 (Westport, Conn., 1968).Google Scholar

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133 Barrett quoted in Susan Tiffin, In Whose Best Interest? Child Welfare in the Progressive Era 171 (Westport, Conn., 1981), and see generally ch. 7.Google Scholar

134 Standards of Legal Protection for Children Born Out of Wedlock, Publication No. 77 at 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Children's Bureau, 1921); and see Emma O. Lundberg & Katharine Lenroot, IIlegitimacy as a Child Welfare Problem, Publication No. 66, pt. 1 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Children's Bureau, 1920); Juvenile Protection Association of Chicago, The Care of Illegitimate Children in Chicago (Chicago, 1913).Google Scholar

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141 For a compelling view of legal ideology in this era see Robert Gordon, The Ideal and the Actual: Fantasies and Practice of New York Lawyers, 1870–1910, in Gerhard Gawalt, The New High Priests, Lawyers in Post-Civil War America 51–74 (Westport, Conn., 1984).Google Scholar

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