Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-07T20:21:08.801Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Second-level integrated pest management in commercial apple orchards

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2009

Ronald J. Prokopy ,
Daniel R. Cooley ,
Wesley R. Autio  and
William M. Coli
Ronald J. Prokopy
Affiliation:
Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.
Daniel R. Cooley
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.
Wesley R. Autio
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.
William M. Coli
Affiliation:
Integrated Pest Management Coordinator, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.
Get access

Abstract

As historical background helpful to understanding current concepts and practices of apple pest management, we review the origin and rise of key pests of apple in North America and the evolution of approaches to their management, culminating with the concept of integrated pest management (IPM). We propose four levels of integration of orchard pest management practices. First-level IPM integrates chemically based and biologically based management tactics for a single class of pests, such as arthropods, diseases, weeds or vertebrates. Second-level IPM, the focus of our effort here, integrates multiple management tactics across all classes of pests. We describe components of second-level IPM for Massachusetts apple orchards, which are threatened each year by an exceptionally broad range of injurious pests. We illustrate the tentative advantages and shortcomings of second-level IPM using 1993 data from six commercial orchard test blocks. Our predominant approach was to use chemically based tactics for controlling arthropods, diseases and weeds early in the growing season, and afterwards to rely exclusively (for insects) or largely (for other pests) on biologically based tactics, such as cultural, behavioral, and biological controls. Compared with nearby first-level IPM blocks, insecticide use in 1993 was reduced substantially (about 30%), with only slightly more insect injury to fruit and little difference in populations of foliar insect pests. The results for mite pests and diseases were less encouraging although summer pruning significantly reduced disease injury caused by flyspeck. We discuss how second-level IPM poses special biological or operational challenges to apple pest management practitioners. The concept has merit, but refinements are necessary before it can be recommended broadly to commercial apple growers in Massachusetts as an economical and reliable alternative to first-level IPM.

Keywords

appleintegrated pest managementinsectsdiseasesmitesweedspesticides
Type
Research Article
Information
American Journal of Alternative Agriculture , Volume 9 , Issue 4 , December 1994 , pp. 148 - 156
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Allen, H.W., Holloway, J.K., and Haeussler, G.J.. 1940. Importation, Rearing and Colonization of Parasites of Oriental Fruit Moth. Circular 561. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
2.Autio, W.R., and Greene, D.W.. 1990. Summer pruning affects yield and improves fruit quality of ‘McIntosh’ apples. J. Amer. Soc. Horticultural Sci. 115:356–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Blommers, L.H.M. 1994. Integrated pest management in European apple orchards. Annual Review of Entomology 39:213–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Boller, E.F., Remund, U., and Candolfi, M.P.. 1988. Hedges as potential sources of Typhlodromus pyri, the most important predatory mite in vineyards of northern Switzerland. Entomophaga 33:249–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Bower, K.N., Berkett, L.P., and Costante, J.F.. 1993. Non-target effect of a fungicide on phytophagous and predacious mite populations in a disease resistant apple orchard. Proc. Disease Resistant Apple Cultivar Workshop, Jan. 24–26, Hershey, Pennsylvania.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Bush, G.L. 1966. The taxonomy, cytology and evolution of the genus Rhagoletis in North America. Bull. Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology 134:431–562.Google Scholar
7.Chapman, P.J. 1938. The Plum Curculio as an Apple Pest. Bull. 684. New York State Agric. Exp. Sta., Geneva, New York.Google Scholar
8.Chapman, P.J., and Lienk, S.E.. 1971. Tortricid fauna of apple in New York. Spec. Pub. New York State Agric. Exp. Sta., Geneva, New York.Google Scholar
9.Coli, W.M., Ciurlino, R.A., and Hosmer, T. (1994). Effect of understory and border vegetation composition on phytophagous and predatory mites in Massachusetts commercial apple orchards. Agric., Ecosystems and Environment 50:49–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Cooley, D.R., Autio, W.A., and Gamble, J.W.. 1992. Second-level apple integrated pest management: The effects of summer pruning and a single fungicide application on flyspeck and sooty blotch. Fruit Notes 57(1): 16–17. Cooperative Extension, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
11.Cooley, D.R., Mason, J., Duan, J.J., Elliott, R., and Prokopy, R.J.. 1994. Second-level IPM in blocks of scab-resistant cultivars. Fruit Notes 59(1):8–12. Cooperative Extension, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
12.Croft, B.A. 1990. Arthropod Biological Control Agents and Pesticides. Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y.Google Scholar
13.Dover, M.J. 1985. A better mousetrap: Improving pest management for agriculture. Study 4. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C. pp. 1–80.Google Scholar
14.Duan, J.J., and Prokopy, R.J.. (in press). Toward developing pesticide-treated spheres for controlling apple maggot flies II. Pesticides and residue-extending agents. J. Economic Entomology.Google Scholar
15.Frisbie, R.E., and Smith, J.W.. 1991. Biologically intensive integrated pest management: The future. In Menn, J.J. and Steinhauer, A.L. (eds). Progress and Perspectives for the 21st Century. Entomology Soc. Amer. Centennial National Symposium, Lanham, Maryland, pp. 151–164.Google Scholar
16.Gadoury, D.M. 1993. Integrating management decisions for several fruit pests in fruit production. Plant Disease 77:299–302.Google Scholar
17.Gadoury, D.M., and MacHardy, W.E.. 1986. Forecasting ascospore dose of Venturia inaequalis in commercial apple orchards. Phytopathology 76:112–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Geier, P.W. 1982. The concept of pest management: Integrated approaches to pest management. Protection Ecology 4:247–250.Google Scholar
19.Gupta, G.K. 1985. Recent trends in forecasting and control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis). Pesticides 19:19–31.Google Scholar
20.Heald, D.H. 1926. Manual of Plant Diseases. McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.Google Scholar
21.Hedrick, U.T. 1950. A History of Horticulture in America to 1860. Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y.Google Scholar
22.Kogan, M. 1988. Integrated pest management theory and practice. Entomologia Experimentalis Applicata 49:59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Loria, R., Galaini, S., and Roberts, D.W.. 1983. Survival of inoculum of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana as influenced by fungicides. Environmental Entomology 12:1724–1726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Merwin, I.A., and Pritts, M.P.. 1993. Are modern fruit production systems sustainable? HortTechnology 3:128–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.New England Apple Pest Management Guide. 1993. Cooperative Extension, Univ. of Maine, Orono.Google Scholar
26.Prokopy, R.J. 1990. Future challenges to apple pest management. IPM Practitioner 12(9): 1–4.Google Scholar
27.Prokopy, R.J. 1991. A small low-input commercial apple orchard in eastern North America: Management and economics. Agric., Ecosystems and Environment 33:353–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Prokopy, R.J. 1993. Stepwise progress toward IPM and sustainable agriculture. IPM Practitioner 15(3): 1–4.Google Scholar
29.Prokopy, R.J., and Croft, B.A.. 1994. Apple insect pest management. In Metcalf, R.L. and Luckmann, W.H. (eds). Introduction to Insect Pest Management. 3rd ed.Wiley Interscience, New York, N.Y. pp. 543–585.Google Scholar
30.Prokopy, R., Mason, J., Powers, P., Coli, W., and Hollingsworth, C.. 1993. 15th Annual March Message to Massachusetts Tree Fruit Growers, (unpublished). Cooperative Extension, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
31.Rajotte, E. G. 1993. From profitability to food safety and the environment: Shifting the objectives of IPM. Plant Disease 77:296–299.Google Scholar
32.Roach, F.A. 1985. Cultivated Fruits of Britain. Basil Blackwell Inc., New York, N.Y.Google Scholar
33.Schuhmann, G. 1976. The economic impact of pesticides on advanced countries. In Dunn, D.L. and Stevens, J.G.R. (eds). Pesticides and Human Welfare. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, England, pp. 55–71.Google Scholar
34.Solomon, M.G. 1987. Fruit and hops. In Burn, A.J., Coaker, T.H., and Jepson, P.C. (eds). Integrated Pest Management. Academic Press, New York, N.Y. pp. 329–360.Google Scholar
35.Tedders, W.L. 1981. In vitro inhibition of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae by six fungicides used in pecan culture. Environmental Entomology 10:346–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Tuovinen, T., and Rokx, J.A.H.. 1991. Phytoseiid mites on apple trees and in surrounding vegetation in southern Finland: Densities and species composition. Experimental Applied Acarology 12:35–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Van der Zwet, T., and Keil, H.L.. 1979. Fire Blight: A Bacterial Disease of Rosaceous Plants. Agric. Handbook No. 510. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
38.Whalon, M.E., and Croft, B.A.. 1984. Apple IPM implementation in North America. Annual Review of Entomology 29:435–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Wildbolz, T.H., and Baggiolini, M.. 1959. Über das Mass der Ausbreitung des Apfelwicklers während der Eiablageperiode (On measuring the dispersal of codling moth during the egglaying period). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 32:241–257.Google Scholar
40.Wisniewska, J., Yang, Y., and Prokopy, R.. 1993. Spiders in second-level and first-level apple IPM blocks. Fruit Notes 58(1):20–23. Cooperative Extension, Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar