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Carl Marks … Co. v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 February 2017
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- Judicial Decisions
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- Copyright
- Copyright © American Society of International Law 1988
References
1 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2) (no jurisdictional immunity if action of the foreign state is “based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign state . . . or upon an act outside the territory of the United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state elsewhere and that act causes a direct effect in the United States”).
2 H.R.Rep.No. 1487, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 14 (1976), reprinted in 1976 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 6604, 6613 (characterizing commercial acts within the meaning of the FSIA as “those which private persons might normally perform” and noting, “Moreover, both a sale of bonds to the public and a direct loan from a U.S. commercial bank to a foreign government are activities which are of a commercial nature and should be treated like other similar commercial transactions”). H.R. Rep. No. 1487 at 10.
3 665 F.Supp. 323, 336.
4 Id. at 347.
5 Letter of Jack, B. Tate, Acting Legal Adviser, Department of State, to Acting Attorney General Philip B. Perlman, May 19, 1952 Google Scholar, reprinted in 26 Dept. St. Bull. 984–85 (1952).
6 665 F.Supp. at 336 (citing Jackson v. People’s Republic of China, 596 F.Supp. 386, 388 (N.D. Ala.), aff’d, 794 F.2d 1490 (11th Cir. 1984), cert, denied, 107 S.Ct. 1371 (1987)).
7 28 U.S.C. § 1330(a) (1982).
8 Plaintiffs relied on this statement from Verlinden B.V. v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 461 U.S. 480, 486 (1983). See 665 F.Supp. at 337.
9 See Berizzi Bros. Co. v. S.S. Pesaro, 271 U.S. 562, 572 (1926) (extending immunity in an in rem action to a merchant ship owned and controlled by the Italian Government).
10 665 F.Supp. at 338.
11 Schmidt v. Polish People’s Republic, 579 F.Supp. 23 (S.D.N.Y.), aff’d, 742 F.2d 67 (2d Cir. 1984); Von Dardel v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 623 F.Supp. 246 (D.D.C. 1985); and Asociacion de Reclamantes v. United Mexican States, 561 F.Supp. 1190 (D.D.C. 1983), aff’d, 735 F.2d 1517 (D.C. Cir. 1984), cert, denied, 470 U.S. 1051 (1985).
12 665 F.Supp. at 348 (relying on Slade v. United States of Mexico, 617 F.Supp. 351 (D.D.C. 1985), aff’d mem., 790 F.2d 183 (D.C. Cir. 1986), cert, denied, 107 S.Ct. 1360 (1987); and Jackson v. People’s Republic of China, 596 F.Supp. 386 (N.D. Ala. 1984), aff’d, 794 F.2d 1490 (11th Cir. 1986), cert, denied, 107 S.Ct. 1371 (1987)).
13 Id. at 349.