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International Criminal Responsibility of States. By Farhad Malekian. Stockholm, 1985. Pp. xviii, 234. Index.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

M. Cherif Bassiouni
M. Cherif Bassiouni*
Affiliation:
DePaul University, International Association of Penal Law
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Type
Book Reviews and Notes
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 81 , Issue 2 , April 1987 , pp. 517 - 522
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1987

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References

1 de Vattel, E., Le Droit des Gens (1887)Google Scholar; Anzilotti, D., Teoria Generale della Responsabilità dello stato nel diritto internazionale (1902)Google Scholar, reprinted in Anzilotti, D., Corso di diritto internazionale (1928)Google Scholar; 3 Strupp, K., Handbuch des Völkerrechts—Das völkerrechtliche Delikt (1920)Google Scholar; De Visscher, C., La Responsabilité des États (1924)Google Scholar; Eagleton, C., The Responsibility of States in International Law (1928)Google Scholar; Personnaz, J., La Réparation du Préjudice en droit international public (1939)Google Scholar. See also Münch, , Criminal Responsibility of States in 1 International Criminal Law 123 (Bassiouni, M. C. ed. 1986)Google Scholar; and Triffterer, , Responsibility for Crimes of State in 3 id. (1986)Google Scholar.

2 See, e.g., Brownlie, I., System of the Law of Nations: State Responsibility, pt. 1 at 32–33 (1983)Google Scholar.

3 See [1980] 2 Y.B. Int’l L. Comm’n, pt. 2 at 30, UN Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/1980/Add.1.

4 I. Brownlie, supra note 2.

5 Goldie, , Concepts of Strict and Absolute Liability and the Ranking of Liability in Terms of Relative Exposure to Risk 6 Neth. Y.B. Int’l L. 175 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6 See Schacht, H., The End of Reparations (Gannett, L. trans. 1931)Google Scholar.

7 For a listing of these and other international criminal law conventions, see Bassiouni, M. C., International Criminal Law: Digest/Index of International Instruments 1815–1985 (1985)Google Scholar.

8 Bassiouni, , Characteristics of International Criminal Law Conventions in 1 International Criminal Law 1 (Bassiouni, M. C. ed. 1986)Google Scholar.

9 H. Schacht, supra note 6; V. V. Pella, La Criminalité Collective des états et le droit pénal de l’avenir (2d ed. 1925).

10 For example, Justice Jackson, Chief Prosecutor at the Trial of the Major War Criminals, Nuremberg, asserted in his opening statement: “Crimes against international law are committed by men, not by abstract entities, and only by punishing individuals who commit such crimes can the provisions of international law be enforced.” 1 Trial of Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal 34 (1947). See also Trial of Japanese War Criminals, Documents 40 (1946); GA Res. 95 (I), UN Doc. A/64/Add.1 (1946).

11 See supra note 10.

12 Willis, J., Prologue to Nuremberg 98–113 (1982)Google Scholar.

13 See M. C Bassiouni, supra note 7.

14 GA Res. 3314 (XXIX), 29 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 31) at 142, UN Doc. A/9631 (1974). See also B. Ferencz, Defining International Aggression (2 vols. 1975).

15 For a historical review, see B. Ferencz, supra note 14.

16 See Ferencz, B., An International Criminal Court. A Step Toward World Peace: A Documentary History and Analysis 399 (2 vols. 1980)Google Scholar. See also Report of the Committee on International Criminal Jurisdiction, 7 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 11), Ann. 1 at 21, UN Doc. A/2136 (1952); Report of the 1953 Committee on International Criminal Jurisdiction, 8 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 12) at 25, UN Doc. A/2645 (1953). This was also the case with respect to the report prepared by this writer, Draft Statute for the Creation of an International Criminal Jurisdiction to Implement the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1426 (1981). The first draft treaty for the creation of such a court was contained in the 1937 Convention for the Creation of an International Criminal Court, League of Nations O.J. Spec. Supp. 156 (1938), which was opened for signature on Nov. 16, 1937, but never entered into force because of insufficient ratifications. See 7 Hudson, M., International Legislation (1909–1945), at 878 (1972)Google Scholar. See also Art. IV, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 78 UNTS 277; and Art. II, International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, GA Res. 3068 (XXVIII), 28 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 30) at 75, UN Doc. A/9030 (1973) (both refer exclusively to individual criminal responsibility).

17 See note 16 supra.

18 See Art. 19 of the draft articles on state responsibility, supra note 3; Report of the International Law Commission on its Thirty-sixth session, 39 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 10), UN Doc. A/39/10 (1984).

19 Bassiouni, , Nuremberg Forty Years After 18 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 261 (1986)Google Scholar.

20 See, e.g., Bassiouni, supra note 8, at 1–166.