¹ Jane Caplan, Trump and Fascism: A View from the Past, Hist. Workshop (Nov. 17, 2016), http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/trump-and-fascism-a-view-from-the-past/ [https://perma.cc/UL2JEZ6N].

² Robin D. G. Kelley, After Trump, Bos. Rev. (Nov. 15, 2016), http://bostonreview.net/forum/after-trump/robin-d-g-kelley-trump-says-go-back-we-say-fight-back [https://perma.cc/C4ZX-8YQ7].

³ Hall, Stuart, Race, Articulation, and Societies Structured in Dominance, in Sociological Theories: Race and Colonialism 305 (UNESCO 1980).Google Scholar See Philomena Essed & David Theo Goldberg, Race Critical Theories: Text and Context (2001); Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed The Movement (Kimberlé Crenshaw et al. eds., 1996).

⁴ Hall, supra note 3, at 307.

⁵ See, e.g., Steve Annear, White Supremacist Posters Found at Emerson College, Bos. Globe (Dec. 7, 2016), https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/12/07/white-supremacist-posters-found-emerson-college-campus/w6VOW7FjvRPhpSxUgQ2nNI/story.html; Matthew Rodriguez, Anti-black Posters on University of Michigan Campus Warn White Women Not to Date White Men, Mic (Sept. 26, 2016), https://mic.com/articles/155152/anti-black-posters-on-university-of-michigan-campus-warn-white-women-not-to-date-black-men#.7iI8nSIGa [https://perma.cc/A4YU-MTXA]; Alia Wong & Adrienne Green, Campus Politics: A Cheat Sheet, Atlantic (Apr. 4, 2016), https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/04/campus-protest-roundup/417570/ [https://perma.cc/GM86-URZX].

⁶ See Hailey Branson-Potts, In Diverse California, a Young White Supremacist Seeks to Convert Fellow College Students, L.A. Times (Dec. 7, 2016), http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-nathan-damigo-alt-right-20161115-story.html [https://perma.cc/BFY3-HVPN?type=image].

⁷ See Lundy Braun, Breathing Race into the Machine: The Surprising Career of the Spirometer from Plantation to Genetics (2014); Khiara M. Bridges, Reproducing Race: An Ethnography of Pregnancy as a Site of Racialization (2011); Troy Duster, Backdoor to Eugenics (2d ed. 2003); Anthony Ryan Hatch, Blood Sugar: Racial Pharmacology and Food Justice in Black America (2016); Jonathan Kahn, Race in a Bottle: The Story of BiDil and Racialized Medicine in a Post-Genomic Age (2012); Jonathan M. Metzl, The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease (2011); Melissa Nobles, Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics (2000); Anne Pollock, Medicating Race: Heart Disease and Durable Preoccupations with Difference (2012); Susan M. Reverby, Examining Tuskegee: The Infamous Syphilis Study and Its Legacy (2009); Dorothy Roberts, Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-Create Race in the Twenty-First Century (2011) [hereinafter Roberts, Fatal Invention]; Samuel Kelton Roberts Jr., Studies in Social Medicine: Infectious Fear: Politics, Disease, and the Health Effects of Segregation (2009) [hereinafter Roberts, Infectious Fear]; Melissa N. Stein, Measuring Manhood: Race and the Science of Masculinity, 1830–1934 (2015); Keith Wailoo, Drawing Blood: Technology and Disease Identity in Twentieth-Century America (rev. ed. 1999); The Nature of Difference: Sciences of Race in the United States from Jefferson to Genomics (Evelynn M. Hammonds & Rebecca M. Herzig eds., 2009).

⁸ Amy Goldstein & Philip Rucker, Trump Names Rep. Tom Price as Next HHS Secretary, Wash. Post (Nov. 29, 2016), https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/11/28/trump-to-name-rep-tom-price-as-next-hhs-secretary/?utm_term=.88c3609a522f [https://perma.cc/PKS3-G5CE]; Robert Pear, Tom Price, Obamacare Critic, Is Trump’s Choice for Health Secretary, N.Y. Times (Nov. 28, 2016), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/us/politics/tom-price-secretary-health-and-human-services.html?_r=0.

⁹ Press Release, American Medical Association, AMA Statement on the Nomination of Rep. Tom Price to be HHS Secretary (Nov. 29, 2016), https://www.ama-assn.org/ama-statement-nomination-rep-tom-price-be-hhs-secretary [https://perma.cc/AU7C-8X9G]. Indeed, market solutions are the centerpieces of industry-supported replacement of an already privatized Affordable Care Act. Jessica Glenza, Insurance Companies Take the Lead on Obamacare Replacement Ideas, Guardian (Feb. 18, 2017), https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/18/obamacare-repeal-insurance-companies-replacement-plan?CMP=share_btn_tw [https://perma.cc/NWP5-4UGY].

¹⁰ Press Release, Am. Acad. Family Physicians, Nomination of Tom Price to HHS Secretary Brings Important Medical Perspective to Health Policy, http://www.aafp.org/media-center/releases-statements/all/2016/nomination-of-tom-price-to-hhs-secretary.html [https://perma.cc/2UT4-A2MA].

¹¹ Sheila Kaplan & Dylan Scott, NIH director Francis Collins Says He Would Remain in Post Under Trump, STAT News (Dec. 9, 2016), https://www.statnews.com/2016/12/09/nih-director-francis-collins-says-wants-remain-post-trump/ [https://perma.cc/B3QF-8VJN].

¹² Larry Elliott, World’s Eight Richest People Have Same Wealth as Poorest 50%, Guardian, (Jan. 15, 2017), https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/jan/16/worlds-eight-richest-people-have-same-wealth-as-poorest-50 [https://perma.cc/9DBY-DJQ9].

¹³ Dylan Scott, The Drug Industry’s Stake in Trumpcare is Bigger Than You Think, STAT News (Dec. 2, 2016), https://www.statnews.com/2016/12/02/affordable-care-act-trump-pharma/?s_campaign=tw&utm_content=buffer14529&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer [https://perma.cc/B75E-23D7].

¹⁴ Robert Valencia, Jim O’Neill, Trump’s Potential FDA Head, Thinks Drugs Should Be Approved Without Efficacy, Mic (Dec. 9, 2016), https://mic.com/articles/161744/jim-o-neill-trump-s-potential-fda-head-thinks-drugs-should-be-approved-without-efficacy#.I2TdfcXOY [https://perma.cc/4F82-8J2U].

¹⁵ See Kahn, supra note 7.

¹⁶ See, e.g., Paul Farmer, Health, Healing, and Social Justice: Insights from Liberation Theology, in Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor 139 (2004) (describing grassroots movements promoting health).

¹⁷ Janine Petito, Andrew Hyatt & Michael Zingman, We Condemn the AMA and AAMC Endorsements of Tom Price for HHS Secretary, Common Dreams (Dec. 1, 2016), http://www.commondreams.org/views/2016/12/01/we-condemn-ama-and-aamc-endorsements-tom-price-hhs-secretary [https://perma.cc/X4YW-T35R].

¹⁸ Manik Chhabra, Navin Vij & Jane M. Zhu, The AMA Does Not Speak for Us, Medium (Dec. 9, 2016), https://medium.com/@ClinicianAction/the-ama-does-not-speak-for-us-d697511267d5#.rzf71i88x [https://perma.cc/M8FL-DRBZ] (the letter had over 6,400 signatures as of Jan. 1, 2017).

¹⁹ Liz Kowalczyk, Harvard Medical Students, Doctors Urge Cancellation of Fund-raiser at Mar-a-Lago, Bos. Globe (Jan. 31, 2017), https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/01/31/harvard-med-students-doctors-urge-cancellation-dana-farber-fundraiser-mar-lago/rMMHQpZb8A6clvscAY3yZO/story.html; Vanessa Elizabeth Van Doren, An Open Letter Concerning the Cleveland Clinic Foundation’s Support of President Trump, Medium (Jan. 31, 2017), https://medium.com/@vanessaelizabethvandoren/an-open-letter-concerning-the-cleveland-clinic-foundations-support-of-president-trump-b6bd901fc711#.ws9dx3owc [https://perma.cc/HB9J-FVHW] (the letter was delivered to Dr. Cosgrove of the Cleveland Clinic on Feb. 11, 2017).

²⁰ See Allan M. Brandt, Behavior, Disease, and Health in the Twentieth-Century United States: The Moral Valence of Individual Risk, in Morality and Health 53 (Allan M. Brandt & Paul Rozin eds., 1997); Susan Craddock, City of Plagues: Disease, Poverty, and Deviance in San Francisco (2000); Judith Walzer Leavitt, Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public’s Health (1996); Natalia Molina, Fit to Be Citizens?: Public Health and Race in Los Angeles 1879-1939 (2006); Shelley Z. Reuter, Testing Fate: Tay-Sachs Disease and the Right to Be Responsible (2016); Roberts, Fatal Invention, supra note 7; William Ryan, Blaming the Victim (rev. ed. 1976); Nayan Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown (2001); Keith Wailoo, Dying in the City of the Blues: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health (2001); Keith Wailoo & Stephen Pemberton, The Troubled Dream of Genetic Medicine: Ethnicity and Innovation in Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sickle Cell Disease (2006); Keel, Terence D., Charles V. Roman and the Spectre of Polygenism in Progressive Era Public Health Research, 28 Soc. Hist. Med. 742 (2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²² See Ruha Benjamin, People’s Science: Bodies and Rights on the Stem Cell Frontier (2013).

²³ Branson-Potts, supra note 6.

²⁴ Id. In a letter to the editor of the New York Times over 100 population geneticists strongly objected to “Wade’s misappropriation of research from our field to support arguments about differences among human societies.” Graham Coop et al., Letter to the Editor, ‘A Troublesome Inheritance’, N.Y. Times (Aug. 8, 2014), https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/10/books/review/letters-a-troublesome-inheritance.html.

²⁵ Michael Balter, Geneticists Decry Book on Race and Evolution, Science (Aug. 8, 2014), http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/08/geneticists-decry-book-race-and-evolution [https://perma.cc/BM2M-YPEF].

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²⁹ National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993 § 131, 42 U.S.C. § 289a-2 (2012).

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³³ Id. See Catherine Bliss, Race Decoded: The Genomic Fight for Social Justice 22-24 (2012); Fullwiley, Duana, The “Contemporary Synthesis”: When Politically Inclusive Genomic Science Relies on Biological Notions of Race, 105 Isis 803, 804 (2014)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Winickoff, David E. & Obasogie, Osagie K., Race-specific Drugs: Regulatory Trends and Public Policy, 29 Trends Pharmacological Sci. 277, 277 (2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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³⁹ Michael Omi & Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States (3d ed. 2014).

⁴⁰ Brauer, David G. & Ferguson, Kristi J., The Integrated Curriculum in Medical Education: AMEE Guide No. 96, 37 Med. Teacher 312, 313-315 (2015).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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⁴³ Tsai et al., supra note 42, at 917–18.

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⁴⁵ Haider, Adil H. et al., Association of Unconscious Race and Social Class Bias with Vignette-Based Clinical Assessments by Medical Students, 306 JAMA 942, 945 (2011)Google ScholarPubMed.

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⁴⁸ See Decision Resources, The HONDA Patient Population – Hypertensive, Obese, Non-Compliant, Diabetic and Asthmatics – in the U.S. is a Significant Driver of Healthcare Costs, PR Newswire, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-honda-patient-population--hypertensive-obese-non-compliant-diabetic-and-asthmatics--in-the-us-is-a-significant-driver-of-healthcare-costs-225047002.html [https://perma.cc/G5DE-2JGT]; Gulati, Yash et al., Short Term Results of Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty in Sicklers, 49 Indian J. Orthopaedics 447 (2015).Google ScholarPubMed

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⁵¹ Hall, supra note 3, at 338.

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⁵⁸ Id. at 43.

⁵⁹ Roberts, Fatal Invention, supra note 7.

⁶⁰ Seth M. Holmes, Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies: Migrant Farmworkers in the United States (2013).

⁶¹ Alondra Nelson, Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight Against Medical Discrimination (2013).

⁶² Hatch, supra note 7.

⁶³ Angela Zhang et al., Race in Medical Education, Brown Med., http://www.brownmedicinemagazine.org/blog/race-in-medical-education/ [https://perma.cc/RC7E-NMQ3].

⁶⁴ See, e.g., Brooks, supra note 44; Tsai et al., supra note 42.

⁶⁵ Ass’n Am. Med. Colls., AAMC Facts and Figures: Diversity in Medical Education, tbl.38a (2016), http://www.aamcdiversityfactsandfigures2016.org/report-section/section-5/u-s-medical-school-faculty/#tablepress-38a [https://perma.cc/A4A9-2WC7] (finding that almost eighty percent of medical school professors are white, while 63.1% of all professors, associate professors, assistant professors, and instructors are white).

⁶⁶ See Reverby, supra note 7 (discussing the Tuskegee experiments).

⁶⁷ Nobles, supra note 7; Morning, Ann, Ethnic Classification in Global Perspective: A Cross-National Survey of the 2000 Census Round, 27 Population Res. Pol’y Rev. 239 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁷² Sorin T. Teich & Fady F. Faddoul, Lean Management – The Journey from Toyota to Healthcare, 2 Rambam Maimonides Med. J. 1, 3-4 (2013).

⁷³ Benjamin, supra note 22; Farmer, supra note 16; Bonilla-Silva, supra note 50; Ford & Airhihenbuwa, supra note 53; Hardeman et al., supra note 55; Perry & Rappaport, supra note 71.

⁷⁴ Ripp & Braun, supra note 31, at 4; Tsai et al., supra note 42, at 917-18.

⁷⁵ Charlotte Austin et al., supra note 53.

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⁸⁴ Nelson, supra note 62.

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⁸⁹ Angela Y. Davis, Violence Against Women and the Ongoing Challenge to Racism (1985).

⁹⁰ Nelson, supra note 61.

⁹¹ Kimberle Crenshaw, Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, 1989 U. Chi. Legal F. 139 (1989).

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⁹⁴ Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation (2016).

⁹⁵ Theorizing Anti-Racism: Linkages in Marxism and Critical Race Theories (Abigail B. Bakan & Enakshi Dua eds., 2014).

⁹⁶ Caplan, supra note 1.

⁹⁷ Benjamin, supra note 22, at 172.