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County and Township Government in 1943*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 September 2013
Extract
The future of local government in the United States is likely to depend in no inconsiderable degree upon the extent to which the local units make a vital contribution toward winning the present war and solving the problems arising therefrom. It is therefore of special significance that many of the developments occurring in county and township government during 1943 were related directly or indirectly to the war and postwar problems. At the same time, progress continued along various lines which had become well established prior to the war. Public interest in rural local government was evidenced both by the large amount of state legislation enacted with reference thereto and by local action taken under legislative authority. Developments during the year will be summarized under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) optional forms of government; (6) intergovernmental relations; and (7) research and experimentation.
New Areas. State legislatures continued to enact statutes establishing or authorizing the establishment of local ad hoc authorities for various purposes. Wyoming established each organized county of the state as a predatory animal district, under the control of a district board, for the purpose of paying bounties for the killing of animals that prey upon domestic livestock, poultry, and wild game. General laws authorized the organization of weed-control districts in South Dakota, public library districts in Illinois, cemetery districts in Montana, and county water authorities in California. Georgia's constitution was amended to empower the governing authorities of Bibb county to establish and administer, within the county and outside the city of Macon, special districts for sanitation purposes, garbage removal and disposal, fire prevention, police protection, drainage, road building and improvement, and any other public services and facilities customarily afforded by municipalities of the state.
- Type
- Rural Local Government
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © American Political Science Association 1944
References
1 Statutes of California, 1943 (reg. sess.), ch. 545; Acts and Resolutions of Georgia, 1943, p. 8; Laws of Illinois, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 859; Laws of Missouri, 1943, p. 852; Laws, Resolutions, and Memorials of Montana, 1943, ch. 221; Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 312; Session Laws of Wyoming, 1943, ch. 36. The Georgia amendment here concerned and the amendments, discussed infra, concerning the abolition of justice courts in Glynn county and the establishment of a retirement system in Richmond county in the same state were ratified by the voters on August 3, 1943. Letter to the writer from John B. Wilson, secretary of state of Georgia, Atlanta, May 31, 1944.
2 Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 45. Concerning legislation of similar import in the state of North Dakota, see this Review, Vol. 34, pp. 1147–1148.
3 Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 23.
4 Note in National Municipal Review, Vol. 32, pp. 553–554 (Nov., 1943); Elwyn A. Mauck, note in ibid., p. 514 (Oct., 1943).
5 Mauck, Elwyn A., note in National Municipal Review, Vol. 32, p. 460 (Sept., 1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Blandford, John B. Jr., “Administrative Organization,” Municipal Year Book, 1944, pp. 291–294.Google Scholar
6 Mauck, Elwyn A., note in National Municipal Review, Vol. 32, p. 628 (Dec., 1943).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7 Laws of Indiana, 1943, ch. 300. See infra, “Research and Experimentation.”
8 See infra, “Functions.”
9 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 587; Acts and Joint Resolutions of South Carolina, 1943, no. 97; General and Special Laws of Texas, 1943, ch. 330. The office of county service officer had been established in certain other South Carolina counties by earlier legislation.
10 Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 42; Laws of Utah, 1943, ch. 6; Session Laws of Wyoming, 1943, ch. 36.
11 Laws of Arizona, 1943, ch. 37; Statutes of California, 1943 (1st extra sess.), ch. 1; ibid. (2nd extra sess.), ch. 1; Revised Statutes of New Jersey, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, sec. 40: 39–2; Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, chs. 403, 645; Oregon Laws, 1943, ch. 140; Acts and Joint Resolutions of South Carolina, 1943, nos. 80, 81, 96, 169; Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 169; Wisconsin Session Laws, 1943, ch. 9.
12 See infra, “Purchasing.”
13 General Acts and Resolutions of Florida, 1943, p. 1138; Acts and Resolutions of Georgia, 1943, p. 1078.
14 Acts and Resolutions of Georgia, 1943, p. 33; Wisconsin Session Laws, 1943, p. 999; Satterfield, M. H., note in National Municipal Review, Vol. 32, pp. 213–214 (Apr., 1943).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 310; Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, ch. 349.
16 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 344; General Acts and Resolutions of Florida, 1943, p. 1129; Laws, Resolutions, and Memorials of Montana, 1943, ch. 232.
17 See this Review, Vol. 36, p. 1112.
18 General Laws of Idaho, 1943, ch. 66; Public Acts of Tennessee, 1943, ch. 4.
19 Laws of Illinois, 1943, Vol. 2, p. 392; Wisconsin Session Laws, 1943, p. 1005.
20 Statutes of California, 1943, p. 3163; Session Laws of Oklahoma, 1943, p. 39. Session Laws of Wyoming, 1943, p. 167.
21 See infra, “Personnel Administration.”
22 Oregon Laws, 1943, p. 733.
23 See infra, “Optional Forms of Government.”
24 Geer, Grace L., “Council-Manager Government,” Municipal Year Book, 1944, pp. 299–302.Google Scholar
25 Special Acts of Florida, 1943, p. 208; Acts and Resolutions of Georgia, 1943, p. 971; M. H. Satterfield, loc. cit.
26 Wisconsin Session Laws, 1943, ch. 186. A Wisconsin statute of 1939 authorizing the establishment of county civil service systems by initiative and referendum was held unconstitutional by the state supreme court in Marshall v. Dane County Board, 236 Wis. 57, 294 N. W. 496 (1940).
27 First Annual Report of the Civil Service Department of Ramsey County, Minnesota (mimeo.); Report of St. Louis County, Minnesota, Civil Service Commission to Board of County Commissioners, Mar. 20, 1944 (mimeo.).
28 Laws of Colorado, 1943, ch. 149; Acts and Resolutions of Georgia, 1943, p. 48; Michigan Statutes Annotated (Callaghan and Company), 1943 Cumulative Supplement, sec. 5.333(1); Revised Statutes of New Jersey, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, secs. 43: 10–18.1 to 43: 10–18.25; Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, ch. 669; Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, secs. 53: 371.1 to 53: 371.25; Wisconsin Session Laws, 1943, ch. 186; M. H. Satterfield, loc. cit.
29 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 154; Michigan Statutes Annotated, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, sec. 5.333(1); Mason's Minnesota Statutes, 1944 Supplement, sec. 254–88. Hillsborough county, Florida, was authorized, upon majority vote of the teachers in the county, to provide group insurance for teachers and employees of the public schools and to contribute to the premiums therefor. General Acts and Resolutions of Florida, 1943, p. 336.
30 Acts and Joint Resolutions of Iowa, 1943, ch. 167; Page's Ohio General Code, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, sec. 2412–3.
31 Olmsted, H. M., note in National Municipal Review, Vol. 33, pp. 35–36 (Jan., 1944)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Paul W. Wager, “A North Carolina Experiment,” ibid., pp. 75–80 (Feb., 1944). On the North Carolina Institute, see also McEvoy, J. P., “Don't Shoot Your Sheriff: Teach Him,” Reader's Digest, Vol. 43 (Oct., 1943), pp. 21–25.Google Scholar
32 For representative statutes providing for increased compensation, see Laws of Illinois, 1943, Vol. 1, pp. 749, 754; Acts and Joint Resolutions of Iowa, 1943, ch. 168; Kansas Session Laws, 1943, ch. 162; Laws of Maryland, 1943, chs. 122, 705, 826, 836; Laws, Resolutions, and Memorials of Montana, 1943, ch. 169; Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, chs. 334, 493; Laws of North Dakota, 1943, ch. 113; Oregon Laws, 1943, chs. 87, 104, 184, 230, 431; Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, sec. 53: 289.1; Laws of South Dakota, 1943, chs. 28, 29, 121; Laws of Utah, 1943, ch. 30; Wisconsin Session Laws, 1943, ch. 94.
33 Blix, Ovid B. and Gill, Norman N., “Milwaukee Local Governments Join in Salary Adjustment Plan,” National Municipal Review, Vol. 32, pp. 482–485 (Oct., 1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; note in Public Management, Vol. 25, pp. 273–274 (Sept., 1943).
34 Destruction of meat, wool, and fowl by coyotes alone in 1943 is estimated to have cost from ten to fifteen million dollars. See Fitzgerald, O. A., “Every Hand Against Him,” Country Gentleman, Vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 17, 58–59 (Feb., 1944).Google Scholar
35 Laws, Resolutions, and Memorials of Montana, 1943, ch. 206; Laws of South Dakota, 1943, chs. 42, 43; Laws of Utah, 1943, ch. 6; Session Laws of Wyoming, 1943, ch. 36. The control programs are mandatory upon all counties, except that in Montana and in the eastern counties of South Dakota they become mandatory only upon petition of the sheep-owners of the respective counties.
36 Special Acts of Florida, 1943, p. 127; Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, chs. 199, 358, 693; Acts and Joint Resolutions of South Carolina, 1943, nos. 80, 81; Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 312; note in Public Management, Vol. 25, p. 367 (Dec., 1943).
37 General Acts and Resolutions of Florida, 1943, p. 127; Laws of Illinois, 1943, Vol. 1, pp. 539, 548; Laws of Nebraska, 1943, ch. 152; Laws of New Mexico, 1943, ch. 50; Acts and Joint Resolutions of South Carolina, 1943, nos. 108, 195; Perrott, George St. J., “Health Developments in 1943,” Municipal Year Book, 1944, pp. 354–358.Google Scholar
38 Laws of Illinois, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 266; Michigan Statutes Annotated, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, secs. 9.1381(1) ff; Mason's Minnesota Statutes, 1944 Supplement, sec. 659–61; Oregon Laws, 1943, ch. 290; Acts and Joint Resolutions of South Carolina, 1943, nos. 96, 169.
39 See infra, “Planning and Zoning,” “Postwar Reserve Funds.”
40 Mauck, Elwyn A., notes in National Municipal Review, Vol. 32, pp. 343, 460, 628 (June, Sept., Dec., 1943).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41 Laws of Arizona, 1943, ch. 37; Statutes of California, 1943 (reg. sess.), ch. 565; Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, ch. 544.
42 See infra, “Postwar Reserve Funds.”
43 General Acts and Resolutions of Florida, 1943, p. 924; Acts and Resolutions of Georgia, 1943, pp. 902, 928, 930; Michigan Statutes Annotated, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, secs. 5.2961(1) ff, 5.2963(1) ff. A zoning law enacted in 1939 for Clayton county, Georgia, was repealed. Acts and Resolutions of Georgia, 1943, p. 891.
44 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 429; Laws of Arizona, 1943, ch. 48; Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, ch. 5; Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 169.
45 See supra, “New Offices.”
46 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 587; Acts and Joint Resolutions of South Carolina, 1943, no. 97; General and Special Laws of Texas, 1943, ch. 330.
47 Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, ch. 283; General and Special Laws of Texas, 1943, ch. 192; Session Laws of Washington, 1943, ch. 195.
48 General Laws of Idaho, 1943, ch. 138; Michigan Statutes Annotated, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, secs. 5.2964(1) ff, 5.2973(1) ff; Laws of Missouri, 1943, p. 327; Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, sec. 16:4061; Session Laws of Washington, 1943, chs. 199, 204; Wisconsin Session Laws, 1943, ch. 134.
49 General Acts and Resolutions of Florida, 1943, p. 148; Laws of Illinois, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 1055; note in Public Management, Vol. 25, p. 245 (Aug., 1943).
50 Mason's Minnesota Statutes, 1944 Supplement, secs. 1933–101 to 1933–107; Statutes of Nevada, 1943, ch. 94; Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, secs. 53:2900.1 to 53:2900.6.
51 Statutes of California, 1943 (reg. sess.), ch. 545; Laws of Illinois, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 548; Kansas Session Laws, 1943, ch. 223; Laws of Nebraska, 1943, ch. 152.
52 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 512; Laws of Indiana, 1943, ch. 65; Michigan Statutes Annotated, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, secs. 5.2769(1), 5.2769(2); Oregon Laws, 1943, ch. 290; General and Special Laws of Texas, 1943, chs. 330, 383: Wisconsin Session Laws, 1943, ch. 407.
53 Mauck, Elwyn A., notes in National Municipal Review, Vol. 32, pp. 472, 564 (Sept., Nov., 1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Vol. 33, p. 107 (Feb., 1944); Shafter, E. M. and Gibbs, Jay F., note in Public Management, Vol. 25, pp. 205–206 (July, 1943).Google Scholar
54 Laws of Arizona, 1943, ch. 37; Special Acts of Florida, 1943, p. 539; Laws of Maryland, 1943, ch. 686; Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, ch. 593.
55 Acts and Resolves of Rhode Island, 1943, pp. 12, 28, 34. Cf. ibid., p. 51, authorizing the town of Cumberland to establish a public works reserve fund to be available for borrowing in anticipation of taxes or for the construction, maintenance, and improvement of public works.
56 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 480; Laws of Maryland, 1943, ch. 78; Michigan Statutes Annotated, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, sec. 3.843(2); Laws of New Mexico, 1943, ch. 61; Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 282; Public Acts of Tennessee, 1943, ch. 23; General and Special Laws of Texas, 1943, ch. 321.
57 General Acts and Resolutions of Florida, 1943, p. 366; Acts and Joint Resolutions of South Carolina, 1943, no. 70; Satterfield, M. H., note in National Municipal Review, Vol. 32, pp. 213–214 (Apr., 1943).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58 Laws of North Dakota, 1943, ch. 123. See infra, “State-Local Relations.”
59 Kansas Session Laws, 1943, ch. 305; Statutes of Nevada, 1943, ch. 181; Session Laws of Washington, 1943, ch. 269; Municipal Year Book, 1944, p. 250.
60 Wisconsin Session Laws, 1943, ch. 56. This provision had previously applied only to the counties of Dane and Milwaukee. Nicholson, Joseph W., “Municipal Purchasing,” Municipal Year Book, 1944, pp. 245–247.Google Scholar
61 Local Acts of Alabama, 1943, p. 227; Laws of Illinois, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 554; Mason's Minnesota Statutes, 1944 Supplement, sec. 969–14; Laws of Nebraska, 1943, ch. 57; Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 44; M. H. Satterfield, loc. cit.
62 Wisconsin Session Laws, 1943, p. 1035; Mauok, Elwyn A., note in National Municipal Review, Vol. 32, p. 459 (Sept., 1943).CrossRefGoogle Scholar A similar proposal was once before given first approval by the Wisconsin legislature, only to be permitted to die in a subsequent session. See this Review, Vol. 36, p. 1125.
63 See supra, “County and Town Executives.”
64 Kansas Session Laws, 1943, ch. 169; General and Special Laws of Texas, 1943, ch. 336.
65 Laws of North Dakota, 1943, ch. 123. See supra, “Budgeting and Accounting.”
66 Michigan Statutes Annotated, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, secs. 5.3188(1) ff.
67 Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, ch. 593. See supra, “Postwar Reserve Funds.”
68 Laws of Indiana, 1943, chs. 116, 188.
69 Laws of Illinois, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 548; Laws of Nebraska, 1943, ch. 152; Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 312; Laws of Utah, 1943, ch. 6; Session Laws of Wyoming, 1943, ch. 36.
70 See infra, “Research and Experimentation.”
71 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 429; Laws of Arizona, 1943, ch. 48; General Laws of Idaho, 1943, ch. 108; Oregon Laws, 1943, ch. 290; Acts and Joint Resolutions of South Carolina, 1943, nos. 96, 169; Laws of South Dakota, 1943, ch. 169.
72 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 116; Statutes of Nevada, 1943, ch. 42; Revised Statutes of New Jersey, 1943 Cumulative Supplement, sec. 40: 37–11.1; Laws of New Mexico, 1943, ch. 24.
73 General Laws of Alabama, 1943, p. 308; Session Laws and Resolutions of North Carolina, 1943, ch. 711.
74 See supra, “Investment in United States Bonds.”
75 Laws of Indiana, 1943, ch. 300.
76 Laws of Utah, 1943, ch. 29.
77 Session Laws of Washington, 1943, ch. 252.
78 Data provided by courtesy of John O. Walker, director, Council on Intergovernmental Relations, Washington, D. C. See also Walker, John O., “Experiments on Ways of Improving Local Administration,” Public Management, Vol. 26, p. 23 (Jan., 1944).Google Scholar The counties involved in the experiment are Blue Earth in Minnesota, Henry in Indiana, and Colquitt in Georgia.
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