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Juraj Križanić: A Precursor of Pan-Slavism (CA. 1618–83)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2017
Extract
In 1659 a Roman Catholic priest of Croatian birth, Juraj Križanić, came to the Muscovy of Tsar Alexis under an assumed identity. His secret mission was to lay the groundwork for the unification of the Slavs under the patronage of the Monomakh crown and papal tiara. For reasons Križanić himself never knew, or never chose to tell, he was exiled to Siberia where he spent nearly all the rest of his life. During those fifteen years he wrote some nine works on religion, philosophy, and politics in a Slavic language of his own invention. These manuscripts were read by practically nobody for two centuries.
Probably Križanić would have long remained unknown had his ideas not engaged the special interest of certain Russian scholars who were inspired largely by the tenets of late nineteenth-century pan-Slavism. The plea of this seventeenth-century Croat for Slavic unity under the aegis of the Great Russian people was well suited to the purposes of Russian Slavophilism. Thanks to these scholars who saw in Križanić an early precursor of pan-Slavism, this remarkable Slav's life and works were slowly retrieved, beginning in the 1850s, from the darkness of the past.
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References
Bibliography
The following bibliography is intended to include as many works directly concerned with Križanić as possible. Standard reference works and general histories of the period in which Križanić figures have been omitted unless referred to in the preceding study. The works which have been consulted in the writing of the preceding essay are marked with asterisks. In the case of some unavailable works, the evaluation of authorities in the field has been included wherever possible.
I. Works about Križanić
Bezsonov, P. See articles in Pravoslavnoie Obozreniye (1870): Feb., pp. 369 et seq.; April, pp. 685-719; May, pp. 859 et seq.Google Scholar
Bezsonov, P. “Katolicheskii sviashchennik Serb (Khorvat) Yurii Krizhanieh Nebliuskii, IAvkanitsa,” Pravoslavnoie Obozreniye, Dec., 1870.Google Scholar
Bierezhkov, M. N. Plan Zavoievaniya Kryma, sostavliennii v tsarstvovanie gosudaria Alekseia Mikhailovicha uchenym slavianom IUriem Krizhanichem. St. Petersburg, 1891. “Berezhkov has presented a translation of chapters 51 and 52 in Križanić's Politics to which he has written an extensive introduction including a discussion of the Crimean question in the history of the Russian empire, and which likewise deals much with Križanić himself, whom he simultaneously praises and censures.” (Jagić)Google Scholar
Brückner, A. “IUrii Krizhanieh,” Russki Viestnik, III (1887), 575–619; IV (1888), 1-51.Google Scholar
Daničić, GJ. “Gramatika Gjurgja Križanića,” Rad Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti, XVI (1872), 159–198. A critical review and some authoritative conclusions on Križanić's grammar read before the historical-philological section of the Yugoslav Academy in 1871 by a distinguished Croatian philologist.Google Scholar
Datsiuk, B. “IUrii Krizhanieh i russkii narod,” Slaviane, No. 3 (1944), p. 44. (See also the Croatian translation, Boris Dacjug, Juraj Krizanić i Ruski Narod, published by Nasa Knjiznica, 1944, No. 4. Published at the height of the “Great Patriotic War” by the official organ of the Soviet-sponsored Pan-Slavic Committee, this short article by a Russian graduate student in history presents a striking example of forced interpretation and distortion. Its propaganda value was not lost on Marshal Tito's government, which distributed a Croatian translation in Yugoslavia in 1944.Google Scholar
Fermendžin, E. “Prinos za Životopis Gjurgja Križanića, Svećenika i Kanonika Zagrebačke Biskupije,” Starine, XVIII (1886), 210–230. A Croatian Catholic priest offers the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts a short study relating to Križanić's early activities in Rome and Croatia.Google Scholar
Izwolsky, H.
Soul of Russia. New York, 1943. A concise popular account of Križanić's life and ideas in a very readable volume of biographical sketches described by the author herself as “a work of love more than a work of scholarship.” Its value is enhanced by the paucity of works in English on this subject.Google Scholar
Jagić, V. “Ocjena životopisa Križanićcva, koju pisa P. Bezsonov,” Rad Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti, XVIII (1872), 164–205. A review of a Russian biography of Križanić by Bezsonov read before the historical-philological section of the Yugoslav Academy in 1872. Aside from its informative value, the critique presents an interesting contrast with the author's more considered magnum opus of forty-five years later.Google Scholar
Jagić, V. Život i Rad Jurja Križanića. Zagreb, 1917. A detailed and penetrating work by an eminent Slavic philologist, this is one of the later and more complete studies of Križanić's life and works. Written by Križanić's compatriot, coreligionist, and a distinguished scholar, this volume exhibits an understanding, lack of bias, and strict adherence to documented facts not always to be found among Križanić's Pan-Slavic admirers.Google Scholar
Klichevskii, V. O. Kurs russkoi istorii. III, 316 et seq. Moscow, 1912. The dean of Russian historians devotes some fifteen pages to Križanić's views on Tsar Alexis’ Muscovy and its place in the Slavic world. Some of Khuchevskii's errors concerning Križanić's identity show that the historian did not have the documents which were available to Križanić's later biographers.Google Scholar
Koialovich, M. O.
Istoriia russkago samosoznaniia po istoncheskim pamiatnikam i nauchnym sochineniiam. 3d ed. St. Petersburg, 1901.Google Scholar
Kostomarov, N.
Russkaia istoriya v zhizneopisamyakh ieia glavnieishikh diciatelei. Vol. II, 4th ed. St. Petersburg, 1886. An excellent biographical study by an eminent Russian biographer of the late nineteenth century.Google Scholar
Kukuljević-Cackinski. Književnici u Hrvatah iz Prve Polovice XII vieka s ove strane Velebita.Google Scholar
Leger, L. Le Monde Slave. Paris, 1873. A well-known French student of Slavic studies in the age of late romanticism presents an interesting outline of Križanić's ideology. Much of his material was obtained from Bezsonov during a visit to Moscow.Google Scholar
Markevich, A. “lUrii Krizhanich i ego literaturnaia dieiatelnost’,” Izviestiia, Nos. 1 and 2, 1876.Google Scholar
Nebolshin. “O Sibirskikh Lietopisakh,” Otech, April, 1849.Google Scholar
Perwolf. Slaviane, ikh vzaimniia otnosheniia i sviazi. Vol. II. Warsaw, 1886-93.Google Scholar
Pierling, P.
La Russie et le Saint-Siège. Vol. IV. Paris, 1907. A valuable study by a French Catholic priest and great scholar whose work on Vatican-Russian relations is standard. Pierling is one of the few non-Slavic scholars who made a special study of Križanić.Google Scholar
Shakhmatov, A. A.
IUrii Krizhanich o serbsko-khorvatskom udarenii. Warsaw, 1895. A philological study of Križanić's written language with main emphasis on accentuation.Google Scholar
Sievernii, N. “Otchet o zaniamiakh pri stolichnykh bibliotekakh i arkhivakh,” Chteniia, Vol. II (1867).Google Scholar
Smirnov, S. K. “Scrbskago popa IUriia Krizhanicha oproverzhenie Solovetskoi chelobitnoi,” Zhurnal M.O. Akademii, 1860. “This is a detailed analysis of Križanić's tract, to which Bezsonov adds a biographical description…” (Jagić).Google Scholar
Soloviev, S. M.
Istoriia Rossii s drevnieishikh vremen. 2d ed. St. Petersburg, ca.
1894-95.Google Scholar
Soloviev, S. M. See Istoriia Rossii, Vols. XI and XIII.Google Scholar
Spasskii. “Poviestvovanie o Sibiri, perevedennoie s latinskoi rukopisi XVII stolietiia,” Sibirskii Viestnik, 1882.Google Scholar
Tsvietaiev, D.
Protestantsvo i Protcstanty v Rossii do epokhi preobrazovanii. Moscow, 1890. Includes a brief but revealing discussion of Križanić's views on the Germans and the relationship of his ideas with rising German influence in seventeenth-century Russia.Google Scholar
Valdenberg (Waldenberg), V.
Gosudarstvenniia idei Krizhanicha. St. Petersburg, 1912. The author offers a thorough, scholarly analysis of Križanić's political treatises under the following headings: philosophy; the aims and forms of government; civil liberties; Russia's place in world history; a critique of the Russian government; a plan of reorganization; internal and foreign policy.Google Scholar
Vodovozov, V. (On Križanić's relations with Patriarch Nikon). See Narodnaia Shkola, Vol. XII.Google Scholar
Vuyich, M. V. Krizhanicheva Politika, Ekonomsko-Polititchka Studiya. Belgrade: 1895. A Serbian study praised highly by Jagić, who deplores the fact that Waldenberg did not know of Vuyich's work.Google Scholar
II. Editions of Križanić's Works
Bezsonov, P.
Russkoie Gosudarstvo v polovinie XVII vieka, rukopis vremen tsaria Aleksieia Mikhailovicha. 2 vols. Moscow, 1859-60. The most complete collection of Križanić's writings extant. Unfortunately, the compiler does not anywhere indicate that Križanić is the author; furthermore, he has given the work a title which is a misnomer. Finally, Bezsonov's transliteration of Križanić's original Latin-script alphabet into a Church Slavonic alphabet and his inadequate translation of the text in the notes are unforgivable.Google Scholar
Bielokurov, S. A.
Iz dukhovnoi zhizni moskovskago obshchestva XVII vieka. Moscow, 1902. A Russian scholar offers an indispensable collection of documents written by Križanić and his contemporaries.Google Scholar
Bielokurov, S. A. “IUrii Krizhanich v Rossii (Dopolnitelniie dokumenty),” Chteniia, III (1907), 47–60. An edition of documents in Latin and Russian relating principally to Križanić's years in Russia 1641-58. A biographical study by the compiler is included.Google Scholar
Bierezhkov, M. N.
Plan Zavoievaniia Kryma, St. Petersburg, 1891. “Bierczhkov has presented a translation of chapters 51 and 52 of Križanić's Politics.” (Jagic)Google Scholar
Bodianskii, O. M. “Gramatichno izkazanie ob ruskom ieziku popa IUrka Krizhanicha, prezvaniem Serblianina,” etc., Chteniia, XXXI (1859), Part IV, 166–143 (sic). The last half of Križanić's grammar of his synthetic Slavic language printed in Church Slavonic letters with Križanić's version.Google Scholar
Crnčić, I. “Prilozi k razpravi: Imena Slovjenin i Ilir u nasem gostinjcu u Rimu poslije 1453 god,” Starine, XVIII (1886), 1–165. A canon of the Croatian Catholic center of St. Jerome in Rome presents the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts with numerous documents in Latin concerning a controversy in which Križanić's arguments reveal his early views on Slavic solidarity.Google Scholar
Fermendžin, E. “Prinos za zivotopis Gjurgja Križanića, Sveccnika i Kanonika Zagrebaćke Biskupije,” Starine, XVIII (1886), 210–230. A Croatian Catholic priest offers the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts a short study and valuable Vatican documents in Latin and Italian relating to Križanić's early activities in Rome and Croatia.Google Scholar
Impkrial Society of History and Russian Antiquity (University of Moscow), “Sobranie sochineniia IUriia Krizhanicha,” Chteniia, CLV (1890), 1–15. A reprint of Križanić's original of the following works: (1) “Pûtno opisanie ot Lewowa do Moskvi”; (2) “Besida ko Czirkasom wo osobi Czerkasa upisane”; and (3) “Usmotrenie o Carskom Weliczestwu.” The collection includes a photostatic copy of the first page of the first work in presumably Križanić's handwriting. The copies preserve his language and orthography without alteration.Google Scholar
Kolosov, V. “Sobranie sochinenii IUriia Krizhanicha,” Chteniia, CLVI, Part II, (1891), 17–72. A copy of Križanić's work on Slavic orthography written in 1661 and edited by the librarian of the Tver Seminary, where the document was found.Google Scholar
Spasskii. “Poviestvovanie o Sibiri, perevedennoie s latinskoi rukopisi XVII stolietiia,” Sibirskii Viestnik, 1882.Google Scholar