2 Tolstoy, A. K., Polnoe sobranie stikhotvoreny, red. I. Yampol'skogo, Moscow, 1937, 2 vols., i, 200.Google Scholar Hereafter designated AKT.

3 1877, No. 1, p. 294. It was founded in 1856 by Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov, 1818-1887; cf. Tolstoy's remarks in AKT, i, 763 f.

4 AKT, i, 738.

5 André Lirondelle has written of Tolstoy's debt to the sea in his lyrics (ie Poète Alexis Tolstoy-L'homme el l'œuvre, Paris, 1912, p. 573). A like simile may be signalled in “Kak siny val zvuchit gluboko”among the poet's fragments and rejected verses (Uzh taki byt', priznayus’ v étom, ca. 1855-1858; AKT, i, 571). Sir Walter Scott had used the deep-sea wave before him in the “Battle of Beal’ an Duine,” The Lady of the Lake, III, 418 (1810). Cf. also lines 7 f. of Tolstoy's renowned “Sred’ shumnogo bala sluchaino” (1851; AKT, i, 79, 724).

6 “His voice it was dup leke the voice of the see” (1884: Vengerov ed., II, 289).

“His voice it was deep like the voice of the see” (1907: Marx ed., 1,446).

7 Veselovsky, A. N., Istoricheskaya poetika, Leningrad, 1940, pp. 423, 427 Google Scholar f.

8 Meillet, Antoine, Introduction d l'étude comparative des langues indo-europiennes, Paris, 1934, p. 178 Google Scholar; Voszler, Karl, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Sprachphilosophie, Munich, 1923, pp. 156–162.Google Scholar

9 AKT, I, 738.

10 Percy, Thomas, 1729-1811, Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, 1765, 3 vols.Google Scholar

11 Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, 1802-1803.

12 AKT, I, 545 f. Originally translated from the German of Theodor Fontane, 1819-1898 (in 1852; Gesammelte Werke, hrsg. Joseph Ettlinger, Berlin, 1905-?1911, 21 vols, II, ix, 131-133), Tolstoy later corrected his work by comparison with the English (cf. AKT, I,776f.).

13 Cf. Lirondelle, pp. 36 ff.

14 AKT, I, 8.

15 AKT, I, 738.

16 AKT, t, 720.

17 AKT, I, 738.

18 “The Destruction of Sennacherib” (AKT, I, 519); “Sun of the sleepless, melancholy star” (AKT, I, 520).

19 ca. 1150-1206; Historiae danicae …, Sorö, 1644.

20 Geschichte der europaeischen Staaten, Hambrug, 1840, vol. 1 = “Geschichte von Dännemark.”

21 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Gil'ferding, “Istoriya baltiskikh slavyan,” Moskvityanin, 1854. Cf. his Sobranie sochineny, St. Petersburg, 1874, vol. 4.

22 Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, 1766-1826, Istoriya gosudarstva rossiskago, 1815-1829, 12 vols.; see esp. the 4th ed., 9 vols., 1834 f.

23 Freeman, Edward A., History of the Norman Conquest of England, New York, etc., 1873-1879, 6 vols., iv, 513.Google Scholar

24 Herrmann, Paul, Erläterungen zu den ersten neun Büchern der Dänischen Geschichte des Saxo Grammaticus, Leipzig, 1901-1922, 2 vols., I, 499 Google Scholar.

25 Cf. Gakon Slepoi (AKT, 1,271 f.; Lirondelle, pp. 281 f.); Pesnya o Garal'de i Yaroslam (AKT, i, 251ff.).

26 Dahlmann, i, 44.

27 Ibid., I, 325.

28 Cf. also Harald Hildetand, ca. 936-986 (Hilferding, iv, 378-388); Blaatand (ibid., n. l16); “Garal'd Makovchaty” (ibid., iv, 380 f .,430); and Harald, Palnatoki, and Sven (ibid., iv, 383ff.).

29 Heines Werke in zehn Bänden … , hrsg. Oskai Walzel, v., Leipzig, 1911 ff., l, 296 Google Scholar f., II, 109 f. Cf. Knyaz’ Rostislav (ca. 1843; AKT, I, 741).

30 Heines Werke, III, 1822. Tri poboishcha (1869; AKT, i, 745 f.).

31 Cf. Simmons, Ernest, English Literature and Culture in Russia 1553-1840, Cambridge (Mass.), 1935, ch. x, pp. 267 Google Scholar-3C6.

32 Ibid., p. 243.

33 Sochineniya K. N. Batiushkova, St. Petersburg, 1887, 5th ed.; a translation of Canto iv, stanzas 178 ff., is on p. 155 (1819 f.). Cf. also his Pesn’ Garal'da Smelago (1816), pp. 107 ff. Cf. also Batiushkov, K. N., Stikhotvoreniya, red. Meilakh, B. S., Leningrad, 1941, pp.140 f., 92 f.Google Scholar

34 Polnoe sobranie sochineny, ed. Sheremet'yev, S. D., St. Petersburg, 1878-1896, 12 vols., ix, 86 Google Scholar: a translation from Canto iv, stanza 179.

35 Supplemented by Russian and German folk tunes, and by those of Thomas Arne, Mozart, Rossini, and an avowedly Varangian tune of the ninth century (AKT, 1,629 f.).

36 Floran-Tailleur (sic; 1837 f.; AKT, i, 590-652: cf. ibid., p. 604).

37 The other tailor in this bit of high life below stairs is Victor, “tailor to Messrs the Readers of the Biblioteka dlya chteniya in Europe and Asia”; cf. also the motto of Act II.

38 An abbreviated edition by Pavlenkov, illustrated by Shelgunov, for young readers, issued in 1865; soon afterward the Polnoe sobranie sochineny appeared in the Vestnik inostrannoi literatury.

39 Cf. Canto vi.

40

(Snorri Sturluson, 1179-1241, Heimskringla; Thomas Bartholin, 1659-1690; Johan Peringskjöld, 1654-1720, ed. Heimskringla, 1697).

41 Cf. Lermontov's Zhelanie (1831), written in a manner so close to that of Harald Svenholm as to appear more than coincidental (Polnoe sobranièsochineny, ed. Eikhenbaum, B. M. [Eichenbaum], Leningrad, 1939 f., 4 vols., i, 118 f.)Google Scholar.

42 op.cit., pp. 244 ff.

43 Ehrhard, Marcelle, V. A. Joukovski et le préromantisme français,Paris, 1938 Google Scholar.

44 Struve, P., “Walter Scott and Russia,” The Slavonic Review (1933), xi, 397–410 Google Scholar.

45 Lirondelle, pp. 515-522.

46 “1803-1863.”.

47 Aleksei Mikhailovich Zhemchuzhnikov, 1821-1898; and Vladimir, 1830-1884. There is no need to include Yershov here.

48 AKT, I, 255-261.

49 AKT, I, 561 f.

50 Lirondelle, pp. 561 nf.

51 Cf. AKT, I, 34-37; and “To bylo ranneyu vesnoi” (1871) with Goethe's Mailied, “Wie herrlich leuchtet mir die Natur,” probably written in 1771 for Friederike Brion (Lirondelle, pp. 290,572; AKT, I, 193, 736f., 753). Cf. also the strained versifying of Count Vladimir Zavalevsky in Marina of Aly Rog (vice ‘Count Alexei Tolstoy in Sophia ofKrasny Rog’), by Boleslaw Markiewicz (Lirondelle, p. 313).

52 Cf. “Vyanet list, prokhodit leto” (1854; AKT, I, 419); “Frits Vagner, stud'yozus iz leny” (1854; AKT, i, 427); “Na vzmor'ye, u samoi zastavy” (1854;AKT, i, 430); “Pomnyu ya tebya rebenkom” (ca. 1860, by “Koz'ma Prutkov“; AKT, 1, 422).

53 Veselovsky, pp. 321, 373.

54 E. V. Barsov, who first published it in 1882, ascribed it to Pushkin because of its excellence (see below).

55 Novikov, Ivan, Slovo o polku Igoreve i ego avtor [Moscow], 1938, pp. 14 Google Scholar.

56 Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeyevich, Polnoe sobranie sochineny, red. Tsyavlovskogo, M. A., Leningrad and Moscow, 1936-1938, 6 vols., v, 390 ffGoogle Scholar.; Novikov, pp. 19-24.

57 Arkhangel'sky, A. S., ed. Polnoe sobranie sochineny V. A. Zhukovskago, St. Petersburg, 1902, 12 vols., iv, 110 Google Scholar.

58 AKT, I, 590 ff.

59 Iliad, v, 785.

60 VI, xiii.

61 III, xvi.

62 III, xviii.

63 III, xviii f.

64 V, viii.

65 Simmons, p. 331, n. 38. Cf. Tolstoy's letter to Stasyulevich, 4/16 January 1873, catching up the lexicographer Vladimir Dal’ in the false relationship “Skot (divitise)” (Lirondelle, p. 532 n.).

66 Bos, Klaas, Religions, Creeds, and Philosophies as Represented by Characters in Sir Walter Scott's Works and Biography, Amsterdam, 1932, p. 237 Google Scholar.

67 Ch. 42 (1819).

68 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Shakhovskoy, 1777-1846 (Simmons, p. 249, n. 5C).

69 Lirondelle, pp. 337 f., 566.

70 III, xvii.

71 AKT, I, 275-281, 748 f.; Lirondelle, pp. 279-281.

72 Hilferding, I, 171-178.

73 Ibid., i, 191 f.

74 Cf. Veselovsky, pp. 509, 562 f.

75 Vadim of Novgorod; cf. esp. stanza 3 (Lermontov, II, 110-136). It will be noted that the last two lines are the English version of the Ossianic épiphonème in Pushkin's Ruslan and Lyudmila (ibid., II, 561). Cf. also AKT, I, 24.

76 E.g., Byron, Oscar, Duke of Alva (1807); Coleridge, To a Gentleman (18C6; line 105); Thomas Moore, “The Minstrel Boy,” Irish Melodies (1807-1828; lines 4, 12).

77 Cf. Veselovsky, p. 441.

78 Ibid., pp. 327-343, esp. 339 f.; Glenfinlas, lines 27 f., 31 f., 221 f.; Harold the Dauntless, VI, cxiv f.; Childe Harold, I, ex f.

79 Scott, , The Bard's Incantation (1804), lines 13–16 Google Scholar.

80 The Bard (1754), line 30.

81 Gudzy, N. K., ed. and tr. Slovo o polku Igoreve, Moscow, 1938, pp. 75 f., 116 fGoogle Scholar.

82 Coleridge, Fancy in Nubibus (1817), derived from Friedrich Stolberg, Thalatta, An das Meer.

83 Cf. Morris, William, “Gunnar in the Pit of Adders” (1876), lines 67 f., 79, 121,145, 151; cf. also Veselovsky, pp. 73, 334 Google Scholar.

84 Cf. Karamzin's linkage of Ossian to the bardic tradition and the Slovo (in Le Spectateur du Nord, 1797; cf. also Novikov, pp. 7-9). The authenticity of the Slovo is still in doubt; but on the other hand cf. Orlov, A. S., Drevnyaya russkaya literatura XI-XVII v.v., Moscow and Leningrad, 1945, pp. 103–109 Google Scholar, and Gudzy, N. K., Istoriya dremei russkoi literatury, Moscow, 1945, pp. 147–155 nGoogle Scholar.

85 Letter of October 12 [1771] (Goethes Werke, hrsg. hrsg. v. Karl Heinemann, Leipzig and Vienna, 1900 ff., 30 vols., vin, 97).

86 Fragmente über die neuere deutsche Literatur (1767); Von deutscher Art und Kunst (1773); “Auszug aus einem Briefwechsel iiber Ossian und die Lieder alter Völker” (1773).

87 Goethes Werke, VIII, 124 ff., 447.

88 Evlega (ca. 1814; Pushkin, i, 68 f.); Osgar (ca. 1814; ibid., pp. 70 ff.); Kol'na (1814) from “Colna Dona” (ibid., 23-27): the last was first printed by Zhukovsky in vol. 9 of his posthumous edition of Pushkin (1841; ibid., p. 660), who had abridged, rimed, and imitated part of an Ossianic translation made by Kostrov (ibid., p. 655). Cf. also Lermontov, Zhelanie, Posledny syn vol'nosti, and Grob Ossiana (1830).

89 A Midsummer-Night's Dream, I, ii.

90 Lirondelle, pp. 367, 550. Cf. Nekrasov, Russkie Zhenshchiny (1871 f.). Cf. also Tolstoy's letter of May 12, 1869 from Krasny Rog (Marx ed., 1908, iv, 217) and Pushkin, Eugene Onegin, VII, vi. (1829 f.). Cf. further Callimachus, Anthology, vii, ep. 80 (tr. Ivan Iv. Martynov, ed. O. Shneider, St. Petersburg, 1870 ff.); Virgil, Georgics, iv, 511-515; Petrarch, “Quel rosigniuol, che si soave piagne” (Il Canzoniere e i Trionfi, ed. Andrea Moschetti, Milan, 1908, p. 344).

91 Lirondelle, pp. 518-520.

92 Satires, I, vii, 31.

93 Cf. Livingston Lowes, John, The Road to Xanadu, Boston and New York, 1927, pp. 54–63 Google Scholar.

94 Emerson, O. F., “The Early Literary Life of Sir Walter Scott,” Journal of English and Germanic Philology (1924), xxiii, 37 Google Scholar.

95 Cf. Scott, Thomas the Rhymer (ca. 1804).

96 Ehrhard, pp. 400-402; Lirondelle, p. 549.

97 Vol'pe, Tsesar’, ed., V. A. Zhukovsky, Stikhotvoreniya, Leningrad, 1939, 2 vols., 1, 403 ffGoogle Scholar.

98 Ibid., 1,407.

99 Yugel'sky Baron. Ballada. (Al. M. V———oi) [“Do rassveta podnyavshis', pero ochinil”] (Lermontov, i, 367 f.). It was evidently written to his older cousin Aleksandra Mikhailovna Vereshchagina on the occasion of her marriage (“Sashen'kina svad'ba“) to Baron Hügel (1841), later the emissary from Wiirttemberg (ibid., iv, 468, 592). The relationship hügel ∼ holm is obvious.

100 “Do rassveta podnyavshis', izvozchika vzyal” (Vol'pe ed., 1,407).

101 Arkhangel'sky ed., II, 61-63; Vol'pe ed., 1,266-271; Simmons, pp. 245, 330.

102 Cf. his letter of October 26,1856 (Marx ed., iv, 202; cf. AKT, i, 8; Lirondelle, p. 132. Cf. also the song of Sophia Pavlovna to the air “On byl vesnoi svoei v zemle obetovannoi,” from Zhukovsky's Story rytsar', in section 8 of Floran-Tailleur (AKT, i, 625).

103 Son Statskago Sovietnika Popova, stanza 16, written in the summer of 1873 (AKT, i, 403,765). Daniel Douglas Home had visited Russia in 1858 (Lirondelle, pp. 163-165).

104 Veselovsky, pp. 426 f., 583-585; Dal', Vladimir, Tolkovy slovar', 2d ed., St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1880-1882, 4 vols., ii, 223. Cf. also SirGould Frazer, James, The Golden Bough, New York, 1940, 1 vol., p. 318 Google Scholar.

105 Rozanov, Ivan, ed., Pesni russkikh poetov, Leningrad, 1936, p. 528 Google Scholar. This statement is not corroborated by SirGrove, George, Dictionary of Music and Musicians, New York, 1935, 5 vols., s.v. “Balakirev,” by Rosa NewmarchGoogle Scholar.

106 von Riesemann, Oskar, Moussorgsky, tr. by England, Paul, New York, 1935, pp. 122–400 Google Scholar.

107 Ibid., pp. 295-303, 405. He also set Mey's adaptation of Shevchenko's “Song of Yarema” (from The Haidamaks, 1841), to music in 1866, revising it in 1879. Mey had translated Heine's “Ich wollt, meine Liebe ergösse sich,” and Mussorgsky set it to music (ibid., pp. 123 f., 141 f., 309,406).

108 Published first, however, as “Basavryuk, ili Vecher nakanune Ivana Kupala,” in the February-March issue of Otechestvetmye zapiski, 1830, according to the textbook article of Strazhev, V. I., “I. V. Gogol',” Russkaya literatura, Moscow, 1940, p. 58 Google Scholar. But Tolstoy remained aloof from this “cénacle” (Lirondelle, pp. 48 f.).

109 At Tolstoy's first meeting with Gogol in Frankfort (a/M.), 1837, the evening was spent in telling jokes at the expense of Zhukovsky (Lirondelle, pp. 33, 183).

110 Lirondelle, pp. 36 ff.

111 AKT, i, 584; Lirondelle, pp. 46 f.

112 “In Russia they say that if you succeed in catching the wondrous bloom of the fern at midnight on Midsummer Eve, you have only to throw it up into the air, and it will fall like a star on the very spot where a treasure lies hidden” (Frazer, pp. 704 f.). Fern seed was also reputed to make its holder invisible (cf. A Midsummer-Night's Dream, II, i, 152-187, 248-257; 1 Henry IV, I, ii, 95) and enable him to understand the language of plants and animals (cf. Gogol', Vecher.).

113 Tsar, 1645-1676.

114 Marx ed., Iv, 222; Lirondelle, pp. 275 f.

115 Jamie Telfer, ed. prin., pp. 67 f.; Lord Soulis, ibid., pp. 216 ff.

116 By Nestor Vasil'yevich Kukol'nik, 1809-1868.

117 According to Yu. N. Tynyanov, in Pesni russkikh poetov, p. 583.

118 “V Bol'shom teatre ya sidel” (1837; Lermontov, 1,260); cf. also Floran-Tailleur, section 9, where the allusion is scarcely flattering (AKT, i, 626 f.).

119 In vol. 43 (1840). Printed separately at St. Petersburg in 1841.

120 By Mikhail Nikolayevich Zagoskin, 1789-1852.

121 AKT, I, 491-515, 773 f.; Lirondelle, pp. 320 f.

122 For a similar parody, cf. the fabulist Aleksandr Yefimovich Izmailov, Strakh k stikhotvorstvu.

123 Karolina Ivanovna of Sayn-Wittgenstein, 1819-1887.

124 Mikhail Matveyevich Stasyulevich, 1826-1911 (cf. AKT, i, 377).

125 Count Angelo de Gubernatis, 1840-1913, reappointed Professor of Sanskrit at Florence in 1867; ed. Storia universale delta letteratura, Milan, 1883-1885, 18 vols.

126 AKT, i, 773. VE = Vestnik Yevropy. Cf. also Lirondelle, p. 569.

127 Cf. the famous ‘Castle Rocks of St. John,’ II, 184-191.

128 Scudder, Horace E., ed., The Complete Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott, Boston and New York, n.d., p. 370 Google Scholar.

129 Son Popova, stanza 16, cf. AKT, I, 33 and Lirondelle, pp. 525, 527. Nevertheless, Annenkov felt that Tolstoy wrote like Scott (Letter of September 8, 1866; Marx ed., iv. 125).