1 An additional factor in the segregation of Polish population into streets and districts of cities and into isolated communities in the country has been the fact that the Yankees and Irish have hurriedly abandoned those places, moving off to other streets, districts, and settlements, as if thereby to encourage the newcomers not only in social self-sufficiency, but also in economic and cultural autonomy. Hence it is precisely that “ghetto,” at once the first support of the immigrant and the spring-board for his further career, that became a real school of education in citizenship for both the first and succeeding generations of Polish immigrants.

2 See E. Demelin and L. Poinsard, Ecole Sociale.