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II. The Bolivarian Nations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

J. Léon Helguera
J. Léon Helguera*
Affiliation:
North Carolina State College, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Extract

Defining, for the purposes of this paper, modern Latin American history as the period following 1830, and the Bolivarian nations as Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru, the spectrum of research opportunities is very broad. As is well known, the modern period is the step-child, in respect to historical interest and production, of the colonial, in most of Latin America. In the Bolivarian nations, this tendency is made worse by the exaggerated devotion of historians there to the independence struggle, notably in Colombia and Venezuela.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 18 , Issue 4 , April 1962 , pp. 365 - 374
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1962

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References

1 Basadre’s, Jorge Historia de la República, 1822–1899 (Lima: Librería e imprenta Gil, 1939)Google Scholar serves as an able synthesis.

2 See Ugarteche, Pedro and Cristóval, Evaristo San (compilers) Mensajes de los presidentes del Perú. Vol. 1. 1821–1867 (Lima: Imprenta de Gil, 1943)Google Scholar.

3 The Colombian collection, badly mutliated by poor editing, is limited to inaugural addresses. See Martinez, Manuel Monsalve (ed.), Colombia. Posesiones presidenciales, 1810–1954 (Bogotá: Editorial Iqueima, 1954)Google Scholar.

4 Sánchez, Ramón Díaz, Guzmán, elipse de una ambición de poder (Caracas: Ediciones del Ministerio de Educación Nacional, 1950)Google Scholar, a brilliant, but unbalanced study of the careers of Antonio Leocadio Guzmán (1801–1884) and his son, Antonio Guzman Blanco (1828–1899), is a striking example of Venezuelan history viewed over-much through the lives of two personalist figures. It should be noted that a great compilation of Venezuelan political thought, in more than ten volumes, is nearing completion. Its compilers are Pedro Grases and Manuel Pérez Vila, its title, Pensamiento político venezolano del siglo XIX; textos para su estudio.

5 A massive list of names, dates, statistics, and odd information is Arboleda’s, Gustavo Historia contemporánea de Colombia (Desde la disolución de la antigua república de ese nombre hasta la época presente), 6 vol. (Bogotá and Cali: Editorial Arboleda y Valencia and Others, 1918–1935)Google Scholar. The six published volumes—two still in manuscript are apparently lost—carry the Colombian narrative from 1830 to 1861, but do little to clarify ideological differences between the two major parties.

6 The enigmatic personality of Gabriel Garcia Moreno (1821–1875) has attracted no less than tweleve works over the past dozen years, at least six of which, may be called major efforts. See Dávila, Luis Robalino, Garcia Moreno (Quito: Talleres Gráficos Nacionales, 1949)Google Scholar; Loor, Wilfrido (ed.), Cartas de García Moreno, 4 vols. (Quito: La Prensa Católica, 1953–1955)Google Scholar; Jurado, Severo Gómez S. J., Vida de García Moreno, 4 vol. (Cuenca and Quito: Editorial “El Tiempo” and Others, 1954–1957)Google Scholar; Loor, Wilfrido, García Moreno y sus asesinos (Quito: La Prensa Católica, 1955)Google Scholar, and the same author’s La victoria de Guayquil (Quito: La Prensa Católica, 1960); and finally, Carrion, Benjamin, Garcia Moreno, el santo del patíbulo (México, D. F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1959)Google Scholar.

7 Published as Number 5 of the University of Delaware Monograph Series (Newark, Delaware: The University of Delaware Press, 1954).

8 “The First Mosquera Administration in New Granada, 1845–1849” (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1958)Google Scholar. The writer plans to complete and revise this study for éventual publication in book-form.

9 Vázquez, Luis Ospina, Industria y protección en Colombia: 1810–1930 (Medellín: Editorial Santa Fe, 1955)Google Scholar. Also valuable is David Bushnelľs article, “Two Stages in Colombian Tariff Policy: The Radical Era and the Return to Protection (1861–1885),” Inter-American Economic Affairs, IX, No. 4 (Spring 1956), 3–23.

10 Harrison, John Parker, “The Colombian Tobacco Industry from Government Monopoly to Free Trade, 1776–1876.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1951.Google Scholar

11 The full title is: The Indian Caste of Peru, 1795–1940. A Population Study Based Upon Tax Records and Census Reports. Smithsonian Institution. Institute of Social Anthropology Publication No. 14. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952).

12 Gilmore, Robert Louis, “Federalism in Colombia, 1810–1858.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1949.Google Scholar

13 This can be partially accounted for by the fact that from 1899 to 1958 Venezuela’s dominant military leadership was of Andean origin.

14 In his Antioqueño Colonization in Western Colombia. Ibero-Americana, 32 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1949)Google Scholar.

15 Numerous examples of this type of literature have been noted and reviewed by the writer in “National Period. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela,” Handbook of Latin American Studies. Nos. 20–23 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1958-1961)Google Scholar.

16 See, especially, Anavitarte, Carlos Nunez, Mariátegui y el descentralismo (Cuzco: Editorial Garcilaso, 1958)Google Scholar.

17 This point is well made by Calderon, Eduardo Caballero in his Historia privada de los colombianos (Bogotá: Imprenta Antares, 1960), p. 92.Google Scholar

18 Hoenigsberg, Julio, Santander, El Clero y Bentham (Bogotá: Editorial ABC, 1940)Google Scholar, is an able, but superficial essay, based primarily on secondary sources.

19 See Ancízar’s, Manuel “Filosofía. Método” in El Liberal (Caracas), July 28, 1840 Google Scholar, an espousal of Cousin, and Rafael Acevedo’s vigorous rebuttal in “Remitido. Sr. Editor del Liberal “in El Liberal (Caracas), September 8, 1840 and Ancízar’s equally vigorous reply and reaffirmation of Cousin, , “Filosofía. Método. Sr. Rafael Acevedo ” in El Correo de Caracas (Caracas), September 29, 1840.Google Scholar

20 Although Gilmore, Robert Louis, “Nueva Granada’s Socialist Mirage,” HAHR, XXXVI (May, 1956), 190–210 Google Scholar, is a valuable indication of the ferment these ideas caused in Colombia in the 1850’s; an important earlier effort, Pierson, William Whatley, “Foreign Influences on Venezuelan Political Thought, 1830–1930,” HAHR, XV (February, 1935), 3–42 Google Scholar, reveals the variety of European and United States ideologies on Venezuelan thinkers.

21 Mendíburu, Manuel de, Diccionario histórico-biográfico del Perú. 8 volumes (Lima: Imprenta de J.F. Solis, 1874-1890)Google Scholar. A second edition in 11 volumes edited and added to by Evaristo San Cristóval was published by the Lima Imprenta “Enrique Palacios,” 1931 to 1935.

22 Ospina, Joaquín (compiler), Diccionario biográfico y bibliográfico de Colombia. 3 volumes (Bogotá: Editorial Cromos and Editorial Águila, 1927-1939)Google Scholar.

23 Grases, Pedro, Materiales para la historia del periodismo en Venezuela durante el siglo XIX (Caracas: La Central de Venezuela, Escuela de Periodismo, 1950)Google Scholar.

24 First issued as separate publication of the Biblioteca Nacional, the Anuario bibliográfico venezolano (Caracas: Tipografía Americana, 1944), has in recent years formed a bibliographic appendix in the issues of the Revista Nacional de Cultura published by the Ministerio de Educación Nacional in Caracas.

25 The Peruvian Anuario bibliográfico edited by Alfonso Tauro, first appeared in 1944 as a publication of the Lima Biblioteca Nacional.

26 The first Anuario bibliográfico colombiano, for 1951, was issued by the Biblioteca Jorge Garcés B. of Cali in 1952; since then it has been produced by the Instituto Caro y Cuervo’s Departamento de Bibliografía. Ortiz, Rubén Pérez has compiled those published so far: Anuario bibliográfico colombiano 1951–1956 (Bogotá: Imprenta del Banco de la República, 1958)Google Scholar, and Anuario bibliográfico colombiano 1957–1958 (Bogotá: Prensas del Instituto Caro y Cuervo, 1960).

27 Under the general editorship of C. Harvey Gardiner (Southern Illinois University), travel literature from 1800 to 1920 is to be inventoried. Professor J. Preston Moore (Louisiana State University) is preparing the volume covering Ecuador and Peru. J. León Helguera (North Carolina State College) is responsible for Colombia and Venezuela.

28 Jaramillo, Gabriel Giraldo, Bibliografía colombiana de viajes. Biblioteca de Bibliografía Colombiana, II (Bogotá: Editorial ABC, 1957)Google Scholar.

29 Bibliografia venezolanista. Contribución al conocimiento de los libros extranjeros relativos a Venezuela y sus grandes hombres, publicados o reimpresos desde el siglo XIX (Caracas: Empresa El Cojo, 1914)Google Scholar.

30 Larrea, Carlos Manuel, Bibliografía científica del Ecuador (Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, 1952)Google Scholar.

31 Burr, Robert N., “The Balance of Power in Nineteenth-Century South America: An Exploratory Essay,” HAHR, XXXV (No. 1, February, 1955), 37–60 Google Scholar.