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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
By The 1920's, the Brazilian population included a rich spectrum of racial and national groups dominated by an elite profoundly European in origin and outlook. At the same time, it was marked by extensive intermixture among the lower classes and public lip-service to racial tolerance, a condition attributed by Gilberto Freyre and others to Brazil's heritage, its physical environment, and its paternalistic division of labor. Most Brazilians believed that economic achievement and ability, not color, determined class standing, subscribing to the hypothesis of Brazil as a racial democracy unique among the nations.
1 See, for example, Freyre, Gilberto, New World in the Tropics (The Culture of Modern Brazil), New York, 1963,Google Scholar Vintage Books edition. Hall’s, Michael M. “The Origins of Mass Immigration in Brazil, 1871–1914, Ph.D. dissertation. Columbia University, June 1969,Google Scholar offers a detached overview.
2 Sociedade Nacional de Agricultura, Immigracão: lnquerito Promovido pela Socidade Nacional de Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro, 1926, pp. 17–19 [hereafter cited as Survey].
3 de Almeida, Arthur Moreira, Atibaia, São Paulo, Survey, p. 87.Google Scholar
4 Survey, p. 40.
5 Vianna, Victor, Survey, p. 95.Google Scholar See also statement by Van Erven, Antônio, Cantagallo, , de Janeiro, Rio, Survey, p. 86.Google ScholarPubMed
6 Antônio Americano do Brasil, Distrito Federal, Survey, pp. 73–74.
7 Júnior, Alfredo Ellis, Survey, pp. 66–67.Google Scholar He is cited (no title given) in Niemeyer, Waldyr, O Japonez no Brasil, de Janeiro, Rio, 1932, second edition, p. 76.Google Scholar
8 See Lobo, Bruno, De Japonez a Brasileiro, de Janeiro, Rio, 1932, pp. 164–165.Google Scholar Fujii, Yukio … Smith, T. Lynn, The Acculturation of the Japanese Immigrants in Brazil, Gainesville, 1959.Google Scholar
9 de Faria, Gabriel B., Distrito Federal, Survey, p. 157.Google Scholar He was careful to add a statement of his “admiration” for the Japanese nation.
10 Amado, João, Salvador, Bahia, Survey, p. 187.Google Scholar
11 Alves, Olavo Affonso, Survey, p. 274.Google Scholar
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13 Ferreira, Rogaciano Pires, Monte Alto, Bahia, Survey, pp. 272–273.Google Scholar
14 “Juiz Innocencio Borges da Rosa, São Sebastião do Cahy, Rio Grande do Sul, Survey, p. 171; see also João de Rezende Tostes, Juiz de Fôra, Minas Gerais, p. 197.
15 Sr.Thullier, , Survey, p. 283.Google Scholar
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18 Lima, Antônio Pereira, Monte Santo, Bahia, Survey, p. 83.Google ScholarPubMed
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