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The Impact of Federalism on Mexican Church-State Relations, 1824-1835: The Case of the State of Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

Charles W. Macune Jr.
Charles W. Macune Jr.*
Affiliation:
California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
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Extract

A number of first-rate scholarly studies in recent years have considerably enhanced our understanding of the troubled, sometimes tumultuous, relationship between the state and the Mexican Church in the century stretching from the reign of Charles III (1759-1788) to the era of Benito Juárez (1855-1876). Nancy Farriss, for example, has detailed the Bourbon drive to exert royal authority over the conduct and activities of the powerful and influential clergy and the latter's claim to exemption from that authority. Farriss, Karl Schmitt, and James Breedlove have demonstrated the connection between the state ecclesiastical reforms and the clergy's decisive role in the Mexican independence movement culminating in 1821. Ann Staples has ably ventured an overview of Church-state relations in the crucial but long-neglected early independence period of the first federal republic, 1824-1835. Michael Costeloe, Asunción Lavrin, Jan Bazant, Brian Hamnet, and Robert Knowlton have examined some of the Church's key economic activities and the impact of state reforms upon each. State policy toward the Church in the northern Mexican borderlands has received the attention of C. Alan Hutchinson, Manuel P. Servín, David J. Weber, John L. Kessell, Lawrence and Lucia Kinnaird, and others. Together with earlier works, these studies have documented a drama which began with the absolutistinspired reforms by the Crown, which regarded ecclesiastical privilege and power as incompatible with its own interests, and ended violently with the political and economic power of the Church and its clergy severely reduced and subordinated to the secular state.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 40 , Issue 4 , April 1984 , pp. 505 - 529
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1984

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References

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8 The state of Mexico then included all of what are today the Federal District and the states of Hidalgo, México, Morelos, and most of Guerrero. México (State), Gobernador, , Memoria (Toluca: Imprenta del Gobierno, 1834), p. 3 Google Scholar; O’Gorman, Edmundo, Historia de las divisiones territoriales de México (3d ed.; México: Porrúa, 1966),pp.70, 106, 110, 140Google Scholar; Report of the Finance Committee of the Constituent Congress, March 5, 1824, as cited in Mateos, Juan Antonio (ed.), Historia parlamentaria de los congresos mexicanos de 1821 a 1857 (25 vols.; México: Vicente S. Reyes, 1877–1912, II (Apéndice), pp. 482–489 Google Scholar: Gacéta del gobierno imperial de México, I, nos. 10–12 (January 23,25, 28, 1823); Gaceta del gobierno supremo de México, III, nos. 45–46, 48–52 (March 27,30, April 3,6,8,10, and 13, 1824).

An 1816 census gave the city a population of 168,000 according to a Decree of Francisco Molinos del Campo, Superior Political Chief of Mexico Province, July 30, 1823, Sección de Documentos, Archivo General del Estado de México, Toluca.

9 For details on the Federal District issue, see Macune, Charles W. Jr., “The Expropriation of Mexico City: Regional Antipathy in Newly Independent Mexico,” Proceedings of the Pacific Coast Council on Latin American Studies, 2 (1973), pp. 117–142.Google Scholar

10 Macune, Charles W. Jr., El Estado de México y la federación mexicana, 1823–1835 (México, D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1978), pp. 59–128.Google Scholar

11 Ibid., pp. 152–179.

12 Hale, Charles A., Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821–1853 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968)Google Scholar; Costeloe, Michael P., La Primera república federal de México (1824–1835) (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1975)Google Scholar; Heroles, Jesús Reyes, El liberalismo mexicano (3 v.; México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1957–1961Google Scholar; Macune, , El Estado de México, pp. 152–183.Google Scholar

13 Macune, , El Estado de México, pp. 129–151.Google Scholar

14 México, Colección de órdenes y decretos de la soberana junta provisional gubernativa y soberanos congresos generales de la nación mexicana (2d ed., 8 vols, in 6; México: Imprenta de Galván a cargo de Mariano Arévalo, 1829–1840), III, 18–24, 78–106, 137–138 (hereinafter abbreviated as Mexico, Decretos [(1829–1840]).

15 Staples, , La iglesia, pp. 35–58 Google Scholar; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of December 9, 10, 20, 1831, Actas, tomo 19, and Sessions of Permanent Deputation of June 7, 21, July 12, November 11, 15, 1831, Actas de la Diputación Permanente, tomo 23, Archivo de la Cámara de Diputados, Estado de México, Toluca (hereinafter abbreviated as ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 62, exp. 20, tomo 64, exps. 78,94, ACDEMT; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VI, 68, VII, 48, 141–142; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (Toluca: Imprenta del Gobierno, 1832), p. 36; El Reformador (Toluca), I, nos. 8, 20–21, 23 (April 8, 20–21,23, 1833).

See also México (State), Congreso Constituyente, Actas del congreso constituyente del estado libre de México (10 v.; México: Imprenta a cargo de Martín Rivera, 1824–1831), I, 351–357, 367, 416–420, 422, 446–452, 472–474, II, 7–8, 127–131, 228–303, IV, 132; VII, 566–570, 611–612 (hereinafter Actas]); México (State), Congreso Constituyente, Decretos del congreso constituyente del estado de México (México: Imprenta a cargo de Martín Rivera, Año de 1824), 22–35 (hereinafter abbreviated as Decretos [1827]); México (State), Congreso Constituyente, Colección de decretos y órdenes del congreso constituyente del estado libre y soberano de México (Toluca: J. Quijano, 1848), pp. 105-130 (hereinafter abbreviated as Decretos [1848]); México (State), Congreso Constituyente, Closed session of April 19,1826, Actas secretas, tomo 2, ACDEMT; México, (State), Gobernador, Memoria (Toluca: Imprenta del Gobierno, 1831), p. 71.

16 Schwaller, Robert F., “The Episcopal Succession in Spanish America, 1800–1850,” The Americas, 14, no. 3 (January, 1968), 207–223 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Staples, La iglesia, 21–31.

17 México, Decretos (1829–1840), V, 23; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria(1831), pp. 71-73; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 53, exp. 279, ACDEMT; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (1832), pp. 36–37.

18 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas del segundo congreso constitucional de México (Tlalpam: Imprenta de Gobierno, 1829), pp. 182–185, 208–212 (hereinafter abbreviated as Actas [1829]).

19 Registro oficial (May 16, 1831), p. 64; Staples, La iglesia, pp. 74–85; México, Decretos (1829–1840), V, 90, 162–163; de Zavala, Lorenzo, “Ensayo histórico,” Obras (2 v.; México: Editorial Porrúa, 1966–1969), II, 474–479 Google Scholar; Schwaller, , “Episcopal Succession,” 207–223 Google Scholar; Robledo, Gómez, “Iniciación,” 47–55 Google Scholar; Alcalá Alvarado, Una pugna; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (1831), pp. 72–73; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (1832), p. 36.

20 Schwaller, , “Episcopal Succession,” pp. 209–211.Google Scholar

21 México, Decretos (1829–1840), VI, 34–35; Staples, La iglesia, pp. 64–65.

22 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 62, exp. 20, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of Permanent Deputation of June 7, 21, and July 12, 1831, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 23, ACDEMT; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VI, 68; Registro oficial (November 7, 1831), pp. 269–270.

23 México (State), Gobernador, Memoria ( 1832), p. 36; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Colección de decretos y órdenes del primer congreso constitucional de México (8 v. ; San Agustín de las Cuevas; Imprenta del Gobierno, 1827–1832), VII, 48, 141–142 (hereinafter abbreviated as Decretos [1827-1832]); México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of December 9, 10, and 20,1831, Actas, tomo 19, and sessions of Permanent Deputation of November Hand 15,1831, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 23, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papere, tomo 64, exps. 78, 94, ACDEMT.

24 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of April 11, 15, 17, 1833, Actas, tomo 26, ACDEMT; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 54,64, 66,75; El Reformador (Toluca), I, nos. 8, 20–21, 23 (April 8, 20–21, 23, 1833), and III, nos. 211–212 (November 4–5, 1833).

25 México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 84–85, 100, 104–105.

26 El Reformador, III, nos. 227, 271, 276–278 (November 20,1833, January 3, 8–10, 1834); México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of March 18, 21, April 17,21, May 17, 20, December 23, 28, 1833, Actas, tomos 26, 28, 30, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Closed session of April 29, 1834, Borradores de Actas, Ramo secreto, tomo 26, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 71, exp. 55, ACDEMT.

27 México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 57–58, 66–67, 75; El Reformador, III, no. 222 (November 15, 1833), 1.

28 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Secret sessions of December 16-18. 1834. Borradores de actas. Ramo secreto, tomo 26. ACDEMT: Staples, La iglesia, pp. 72–73.

29 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Colección de decretos de los congresos constitucionales del estado libre y soberano de México que funcionaron en la primera época de la federación (Toluca: Imprenta de J. Quijano. [1850]). pp. 354–356 (hereafter referred to as Decretos [1850]): México (State), Congreso Constitucional. Papers, tomo 75. exps. 7–8. ACDEMT: México (State). Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of October 1. 6. 1834. March 26–27. 30–31. April 1, May 11. 13. 1835, Actas, tomos 33–34, and Secret sessions of October 13. 14. 16. December 16–18. 1834. Borradores de actas. Ramo secreto, tomo 26, ACDEMT.

30 México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 340, 358. VIII, 2.

31 The Congressional Finance Committee which drafted the law specifically mentioned in its report tithes, the mesadas, the medias annatas, and salaries of vacant offices among the sources of income falling to the states. See Mateos, , Historia parlamentaria, 2 (Apéndice), 482–489 Google Scholar; México. Decretos (1829–1840), III, 60–62.

32 Exposición del cabildo metropolitano al honorable congreso del estado de México, año de 1827,” Justicia Eclesiástica, tomo 67, legajo 20, fol. 569, p. 201, Archivo General de la Nación; Costeloe, Michael P., “Administration, Collection and Distribution of Tithes,” pp. 20–21.Google Scholar

33 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 34, exp. 139, tomo 44, exp. 236, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas del primer congreso constitucional de México (5 v.; San Agustín de las Cuevas: Imprenta del Gobierno, 1827–1829), III, 13, IV, 55–60 (hereinafter abbreviated as Actas [1827–1828]).

34 Exposición del cabildo metropolitano,” pp. 189–203.

35 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas (1827–1828), I, 116–117, 251, 281, 505, and IV, 55, 70, 81, 85–98, 194, 274–278, 303, 312.

36 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of March 18, 21, April 15, 25,29, May 20, 25, June 1, 1833, Actas, tomos 26,28, ACDEMT; El Reformador, I, nos. 61, 68–69 (May 31, June 7–8, 1833).

37 México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 66,67; El Reformador, IV, nos. 367,373 (April 9, 15, 1834).

38 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of October 1, 6, 1834, Actas, tomo 33, and Secret Sessions of September 25, 29, October 14, 16, December 16–18, 1834, Borradores de Actas, Ramo Secreto, tomo 26, ACDEMT.

39 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1827–1832), 1,6, 21, II, 71; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (Tlalpam: Imprenta del Gobierno, 1828), pp. 49–51, appendix #18.

40 Voting affirmative were García, Franco, Del Río, Portilla, Escudero, Campos, Vallarta, Piedra, Castelazo, and Anaya. México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas (1827–1828), I, 114–116, 153–154, 157–166; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 32, exp. 69, tomo 35, exp. 198, ACDEMT; México, Decretos (1829–1840), II, 52–53, 56–57, 135, III, 5, 137–138.

41 Signing the second report were Deputies León (Yucatán), Hevia (Tabasco), Bocanegra (Zacatecas), García (Puebla), Sánchez de Tagle (Michoacán), and Blasco (Querétaro). El Sol, IV, no. 1432 (May 9, 1827), 2863–2865; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas (1827–1828), I, 175; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 32, exp. 69, ACDEMT.

42 Macune, Charles W. Jr., “Conflictos entre el gobierno nacional y el estado de México, 1823–1835,” Historia mexicana, 24, núm 2 (octubre-diciembre, 1976), 216–237.Google Scholar

43 El Sol, V, nos. 1476, 1478 (June 21,23, 1827), 3045, 3053; Mateos, , Historia parlamentaria, 9, 211, 215Google Scholar; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas (1827–1828), I, 487–487, 516–526.

44 Hacienda San Pedro was by far the greatest money maker, returning a net product of $32,329 in 1827/1828; haciendas Grande and Chica were operated at a loss that year. México, Secretaría de Hacienda, Memoria (México: Imprenta del Aguila, 1829), document #73; México, Decretos (1829–1840), V, 55, 142–146; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (1828), appendix #18; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (Tlalpam: Imprenta de) Gobierno del Estado, 1829), pp. 46–47, appendices #9, 13.

45 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Closed sessions of September 4, 5, 11,14,18,1829, Actas secretas, tomo 11, and Sessions of September 10,14,1829, Actas, tomo 12, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 54, exp. 324, tomo 55, exp. 363, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Documentos importantes tomados del espediente instruido sobre la ocupación por el gobierno general a las temporalidades del estado libre de México (Tlalpam: Imprenta del Gobierno, 1829), pp. 1–30 (hereinafter abbreviated as Documentos… sobre la ocupación). For a list of the properties belonging to the national government before 1827, see Gaceta imperial de México, II, no. 23 (April 16,1822), 177–178; México, Secretaría de Hacienda, Memoria (México: Imprenta del Supremo Gobierno, 1826), documents #40-41; México, Contaduría General de Temporalidades, Estado de las fincas rusticas y urbanas respectivas a las temporalidades, a broadside dated May 28, 1823, a copy of which may be found in tomo 425, Lafragua Collection, Biblioteca Nacional, México, D.F.

46 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1827–1832), VI, 20–21; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papera, tomo 54, exp. 324, tomo 55, exp. 363, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Closed sessions of September 25, October 2, 5, 9, 10, 16, 1829, Actas secretas, tomo 11, and Sessions of October 3, 5, 1829, Actas, tomo 12, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Documentos… sobre la ocupación, pp. 30–53; México, Decretos (1829–1840), V, 198–200.

47 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of August 27, October 7, 8, 10, 15, 1831, Actas, tomo 19, and Session of Permanent Deputation of October 21,1831, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 23, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1827–1832), VII, 130; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 64, exp. 92, ACDEMT.

48 Precisely, $39,494 pesos in 1829/1830 and $39,931 in 1830/1831. Mateos, Historia parlamentaria, VIII, 13, 19, 167, 177–178, 195; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VI, 103; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of May 29, August 16, 20, September 24, October 1–2, 1832, Actas, tomo 25, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 64, exp. 92, tomo 68, exp. 111, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1827–1832), VIII, 36–37; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (1831), pp. 53–55, appendix #10, and Memoria (1832), pp. 22–24, appendix #10.

49 On April 30, 1833, Mexico State confiscated the hacienda of Atlacomulco, the Cuernavaca palace, and the Coyoacán house of the Duke of Monteleone y Terranova, Cortés' descendant who lived in Italy. México, Decretos (1829–1840), IV, 131–134, V, 9–10, VII, 55–56; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1850), 218–219, 223, 252–253, 261–262, 274; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 70, exps. 31, 33, tomo 72, exp. 78, tomo 80, exp. 280, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of February 25, March 4,7,15, 16, 20-23, 27-29, April 2, 18, 29, May 9, 15, 20, 24, 29, June 25-26, 28, October 3, 11, 15, 1833, Actas, tomos 26-29, and Session of Permanent Deputation of June 7, 1833, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 31, and Closed session of March 4, 1833, Borradores de actas secretas, tomo 25, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Actas (1829), I, 128, 152; El fanal (Toluca), III, no. 10, Alcance al núm. 22 (March 10, 22, 1833), IV, no. 3 (April 19, 1833); El Reformador (Toluca), I, nos. 1, 4–7, 11, 13–14, 18, 25, 36–38, 58–59, 63, 94 (April 1, 4–7, 11, 13–14, 18, 25, May 6–8, 28–29, June 2, July 3, 1833).

50 On May 22, 1833, Congress confiscated the Duke of Monteleone’s possessions in the Federal District by a vote of forty-five to two; Mexico state deputies favored the law by eight to one. Mateos, , Historia parlamentaria, 8, 274, 277, 290–291, 296, 304, 309, 314, 322, 328, 366, 370Google Scholar; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 48, 159, 165–167, 177–178, 186; El Reformador, IV.no. 315 (February 16, 1834), 4.

51 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of September 12, 17, October 8, 10, November 25, 28, 30, December 3, 5, 13, 18, 1833, January 4,1834, Actas, tomos 27–30, and Sessions of the Permanent Deputation of October 25 and November 8, 1833, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 31, ACDEMT.

52 México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of September 10–12, 17, 20, October 16, November 25–26, 29, December 28, 1833, Actas, tomos 27, 30, and Closed Sessions of September 23, October 7, 14–15, 1833, Borradores de actas secretas, tomo 25, and Sessions of Permanent Deputation of October 21–22, 1833, Actas de la diputación permanente, tomo 31, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 76, exp. 74, ACDEMT; El Reformador, III, nos. 202–205, 207, 269 (October 26–29, 31, 1833, January 1, 1834); Mateos, , Historia parlamentaria, 8, 436–437, 441–444, 448–449, 455, 457Google Scholar; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 187, 203–204.

53 México (State), Gobernador, Memoria (1834), pp. 34–35, appendix #14; México (State), Gobernador, Memoria de hacienda (Toluca: Imprenta del Gobierno, 1835), pp. 20-25, appendix #1; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 73, exp. 212, tomo 74, exp. 252, tomo 76, exp. 74, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Session of December 21,1833, Actas, tomo 30, ACDEMT; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 85; El Reformador, III, nos. 264, 267, 273, 276–277, 285 (December 27, 30, 1833, January 5, 8–9, 17, 1834); Staples, La iglesia, pp. 137–157.

54 México (State), Gobernador, Memoria de hacienda (1835), pp. 18–25; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Decretos (1850), pp. 354–356, 370, 378; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Papers, tomo 72, exp. 110, tomo 75, exps. 7–8, tomo 76, exp. 74, tomo 78, exp. 148, tomo 81, exps. 9, 39, tomo 83, exps. 132–133, 165, ACDEMT; México (State), Congreso Constitucional, Sessions of April 21, 24, May 2–3, 10, September 5, 9, 18, 20, 22–26, 1834, May 20, June 1,1835, Actas, tomos 32–34, and Closed sessions of May 19, 26, 28, 31, Actas secretas, tomo 36, and Closed sessions of September 4, 15, October 13-14, December 15, 1834, Borradores de actas, ramo secreto, tomo 26, ACDEMT; Mateos, Historia parlamentaria, X, 76; México, Decretos (1829–1840), VII, 341, 358, VIII, 2.