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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
The re-election of Gerardo Machado in 1928 promised to augur the continuity of the political quiescence that had characterized the President's first administration (1925-1928). By 1927, the Cuban chief executive had forged a coalition among the national political sectors, binding the Liberal, Conservative, and Popular parties to his candidacy for re-election. Through the appropriate application of patronage and coercion, the President had imposed a political consensus dissolving partisan autonomy, traditionally the source of anti-re-electionist violence. Cooperativismo, as the arrangement became known, conferred on parties outside the circumference of power the prerogatives, perquisites, and government posts inherent in the past only during national incumbency.
1 E.H. Crowder to Secretary of State, February 14, 1927, 837.00/2627, General Records of the Department of State, National Archives, Record Group 59 (Hereinafter cited as DS/NA.RG 59).
2 “Memorandum of Conversation,” April 23, 1927, United States Department of State, Foreign Relatisons of the United States, 1927 (Washington, 1939), p. 527 (Hereinafter cited as FRUS).
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7 Harry F. Guggenheim to Secretary of State, February 7, 1933, 837.00 General Condi-tions/58, DS/NA, RG 59.
8 J. Martínez, Capitán, Estado Mayor, Jefe de la Sección de Personal y Ordenes, “Relación numérica de oficiales y alistados del ejército, existentes en 31 de julio de 1933,” File 2012-153(2),DW/NA,RG 165.
9 “Cuban Budgetary Appropriations for Army and Navy, 1902–1934,” Appendix No. 2, in Lieutenant Colonel C.K. Nulsen, to Military Attaché, Havana, Cuba, July 5, 1934, File 2012-153 (2), DW/NA, RG 165.
10 New York Times, III, January 4, 1931, p. 6. Cf.González, Edelmira, La revolución en Cuba. Memorias del coronel Rosendo Collazo (La Habana, 1934), pp. 39–40.Google Scholar
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20 Sumner Welles to Franklin D. Roosevelt, July 17,1933, FRUS, V, 1933, p. 324.
21 New York Times, July 27, 1933, p. 1.
22 Sumner Welles to Acting Secretary of State, August 5, 1933, 837.00/3603, DS/NA, RG 59.
23 Sumner Welles to Secretary of State, August 7, 1933, 837.00/3606, DS/NA, RG 59.
24 Sumner Welles to Secretary of State, August 9, 1933, 837.00/3626, DS/NA, RG 59.
25 Sumner Welles to Secretary of State, August. 10, 1933, 837.00/3630, DS/NA, RG 59.
26 Lieutenant Elwood R. Quesada, Acting Military Attaché, “Banditry, Riots and Similar Infractions of Public Peace and Safety,” September 3, 1931, 837.00 Revolutions/56, DS/NA, RG 59.
27 Sumner Welles to Secretary of State, August 9, 1933, 837.00/3622, DS/NA, RG 59.
28 “I do not believe that the withdrawal of recognition would in all probability force us to intervene,” Welles suggested. “I think that if the President himself was advised that we would withdraw recognition unless he accepted a fair solution of the problem, he would be obliged to accept such solution by most members of his Cabinet, by the Army and by the great majority of Congress.” Sumner Welles to Secretary of State, August 8, 1933,837.00/3616, DS/NA, RG 59.
29 Sumner Welles to Secretary of State, August 7, 1933, 837.00/3606, DS/NA, RG 59.
30 “Memorandum by the Under-Secretary of State,” August 8, 1933, 837.00/3629, DS/ NA, RG 59.
31 Sumner Welles to Secretary of State, August 8, 1933, 837.00/3616, DS/NA, RG 59. New York Times, August 9,1933, p. 12.
32 New York Herald Tribune, August 8, 1933, p. 2.
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