Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-tsvsl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-26T18:48:03.270Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Recognition of Panama by the Major Latin American States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

E. Bradford Burns
E. Bradford Burns*
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles, California
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The Latin Americans watched with fascination and concern as the dramatic events of November of 1903 progressed in the Isthmus of Panama. There, early in that eventful month, the interests of Panamanian patriots who long had sought the independence of their region from Colombia and of the United States which wanted to begin the construction of a vitally needed inter-ocean canal coincided. The Panamanians declared their independence on November 3, and the presence of United States forces to prevent the suppression of that revolution by Colombia assured its success. On November 6, Secretary of State John Hay ordered the United States consul in Panama to enter into relations with the new government, thereby extending to it de facto recognition. De jure recognition followed on November 13, when Panama's representative to the United States, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, was received officially in Washington. Five days later, Hay and Bunau-Varilla signed the treaty which gave to the United States the use, occupation, and control of a zone of land ten miles wide, extending across the isthmus from Colon to Panama City. In effect, Panama ceded sovereignty over that zone. The United States, for its part, guaranteed the independence of Panama, paid the sum of $10,000,000 to the new government, and promised an annual subsidy of $250,000.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , July 1969 , pp. 3 - 14
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1969

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 La Nación (Buenos Aires), Jan. 1, 1904.

2 Correlo da Manhã (Rio de Janeiro), May 8, 1904.

3 Powell Clayton to Sec. of State, Jan. 18, 1904, National Archives of the United States of America, General Records of the Department of State, Washington, D. C. (hereafter cited as NA), Mexican Diplomatic Dispatches, Vol. 161.

4 Chilean Min. in Washington to Min. of Foreign Relations, Santiago, Nov. 15, 1903, Archivo del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile, Santiago (hereafter cited as ARE, Ch), Chilean Legation in the USA, 1902–3.

5 Willson to Hay, Nov. 21, 1903, NA, Chilean Diplomatic Dispatches, 50:341.

6 El Ferrocarril (Santiago), Nov. 5, 1903; El Mercurio (Santiago) Jan. 18, 1904.

7 El Ferrocarril (Santiago), Nov. 19, 1903.

8 Willson to Hay, Nov. 21, 1903, NA, Chilean Diplomatic Dispatches, 50:341.

9 Guimarães, Arthur, Actualidades Brasileiras (Oporto, Portugal, 1915), p. 28.Google Scholar

10 Quoted in McGann, Thomas F., Argentina, the United States, and the Inter-American System, 1880–1914 (Cambridge: Harvard Un. Press, 1957), p. 224.Google Scholar

11 Gomes Ferreira to Rio-Branco, Nov. 12 and 23, 1903, Arquivo Histórico de Itamaraty, Rio de Janeiro (hereafter cited as AHI), Ofício 234/1/2.

12 Thompson to Hay, Nov. 16, 1903, NA, Brazilian Diplomatic Dispatches, 69:82.

13 Pedro Arias to Min. of Foreign Relations, Nov. 23, 1903, AHI, Ofício 260/1/12.

14 Star and Herald (Panama City), Dec. 24, 1903.

15 Thompson to Hay, Nov. 20, 1903, NA, Brazilian Diplomatic Dispatches, 69:87.

16 Thompson to Hay, Jan. 15, 1905, NA, Brazilian Diplomatic Dispatches, 71:252.

17 Chilean Min. in Rio to Min. of Foreign Relations, Santiago, March 21, 1904, ARE, Ch, Chilean Legation in Brazil, 1904–8.

18 Correio da Manhã (Rio de Janeiro), Nov. 30, 1903.

19 Ibid., Nov. 24, 1903.

20 Thompson to Hay, Jan. 4, 1904, NA, Brazilian Diplomatic Dispatches, 69:108.

21 Rio-Branco to Brazilian Min., Washington, Dec. 6, 1903, AHI, Telegrama Exp. 235/3/15.

22 Gomes Ferreira to Rio-Branco, Jan. 4, 1904, AHI, Ofício 234/1/2.

23 El Ferrocarril (Santiago), Nov. 19, 1903.

24 Chilean Min. in Washington to Min. of Foreign Relations, Santiago, Jan. 4, 1904, ARE, Ch, Chilean Legation in the USA, 1904.

25 McGann, , Argentina, p. 224 Google Scholar; Washington, S. Walter, A Study of the Causes of Hostility Toward the United States in Latin America: Argentina (Washington: Dept. of State, 1957), p. 29.Google Scholar

26 La Tribuna (Buenos Aires), Dec. 17, 1903. La Tribuna repeated those sentiments in a long editorial on Jan. 2, 1904.

27 Pike, Fredrick B., Chile and the United States, 1880–1962 (Notre Dame: Un. of Notre Dame Press, 1963), p. 138.Google Scholar

28 Thompson to Hay, Nov. 21, 1903, NA, Brazilian Diplomatic Dispatches, 69:88.

29 Barnett to Hay, Dec. 29, 1903, NA, Argentina Diplomatic Dispatches, Vol. 42.

30 Azevedo to Rio-Branco, Jan. 7, 1904, AHI, Ofício 206/1/2.

31 Chilean Min. in Rio to Min. of Foreign Relations, Santiago, Dec. 10, 1903, Archivo Nacional de Chile, Santiago (hereafter cited as ANCh), Chilean Legation in Brazil, 1902–3.

32 Chilean Min. in Washington to Min. of Foreign Relations, Santiago, Dec. 20, 1903, ARE, Ch, Chilean Legation in the USA, 1902–3.

33 Gomes Ferreira to Rio-Branco, Jan. 6, 1904, AHI, Ofício 234/1/2.

34 Rio-Branco’s statements to this effect were frequent. As examples see Rio-Branco to Brazilian Minister, Washington, Jan. 5, 1903, AHI, Telegrama Exp. 235/3/15; or Rio-Branco to American Legation, Feb., 20, 1903, AHI, Rep. Americanas, Notas EUA, 208/3/15.

35 Gomes Ferreira to Rio-Branco, Jan. 6, 1904, AHI, Ofício 234/1/2.

36 Dawson to Hay, March 4, 1904, NA, Brazilian Diplomatic Dispatches, 69:126.

37 Azevedo to Rio-Branco, March 13, 1904, AHI, Ofício 206/1/2.

38 Dawson to Hay, March 4, 1904, NA, Brazilian Diplomatic Dispatches, 69:126.

39 Azevedo to Rio-Branco, March 13, 1905, AHI, Ofício 206/1/2.

40 Chilean Min. in Rio to Min. of Foreign Relations, Santiago, Feb. 8, 1904, ANCh, Chilean Legation, in Brazil, 1905–6.

41 Azevedo to Rio-Branco, March 13, 1904, AHI, Ofício 206/1/2.

42 Star and Herald (Panama City), March 3, 1904: Gaceta Ofícial (Panama City), April 30, 1904; Min. of Foreign Relations of Chile to Min. of Foreign Relations of Panama, March 2, 1904, Archivo de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de la República del Panamá, Panama City, Casilla No. 2–A, Vol. I, Expediente No. 1.

43 Le Estrella de Panamá (Panama City), March 4, 1904; Gaceta Oficial (Panama City), May 28, 1904.

44 Barrett to Hay, March 3, 1904, NA, Argentine Diplomatic Dispatches, 42:41; La Estrella de Panamá (Panama City), March 5, 1904.

45 República de Panamá, Memoria Presentada a la Asamblea Nacional de 1906 por el Secretario de Gobierno y Relaciones Exteriores (Panamá: Torre e Hijos, 1907), pp. 262–6.

46 El Diario (Buenos Aires), Jan. 8, 1910.