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Late Chalcolithic Pottery in North-West Turkey and the Aegean

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

D. H. French
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Extract

The main purpose of this article is to publish material collected from surveys in Western Anatolia, Thrace and Thessaly which were made with the intention of discovering possible links between these three areas in the period which in South-West Anatolia is called Late Chalcolithic. Such suggestions as are put forward for the construction of a relative and absolute chronology in each area are only tentative; throughout the aim has been to emphasise the problems of equating pottery cultures of adjacent regions which are thought to be contemporary.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 11 , December 1961 , pp. 99 - 141
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1961

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References

1 As Institute Scholar for 1959. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Seton Lloyd for his support and encouragement and to Mr. James Mellaart for the help and information which he has on all occasions generously given.

2 Previously by J. Stewart in 1939. Material in the German Archaeological Institute at Istanbul. See also Mellaart, , Ist. Mitt. 6 (1955), 80 ffGoogle Scholar.

3 Among others Driehaus, , Ist. Mitt. 7 (1957), 76 ffGoogle Scholar.

4 A selection of sherds representing all the periods found may be seen in the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.

5 Mentioned by Welch, , BSA. XXIII (1918/1919), 50Google Scholar.

6 For references concerning Dikili Tash and Paradimi see Schachermeyr, , Prähistorische Kulturen Griechenlands in RE. XXII, 2, 1394 fGoogle Scholar.

7 Mylonas, , Praktika 1938, 109 ff.Google Scholar; AJA. 45 (1941), 557 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 Some sherds from Stivos A are illustrated in Heurtley, , Prehistoric Macedonia, 155, nos. 128–130Google Scholar. There are said to be three sites here.

9 It is hoped to complete this resurvey and publish a map and full topographical information in one section and distribution and details of finds in a second. It may be possible to do this also for Thrace and Macedonia.

10 In the forthcoming publication the Beycesultan material has been assigned to phases. Nos. 1–4 cover the Late Chalcolithic period and are divided as follows: Phase 1, levels XL–XXXV; Phase 2, levels XXXIV–XXIX; Phase 3, levels XXVIII–XXV; Phase 4, levels XXIV–XX.

11 There are a few sherds of Kumtepe I b type from Çaltıdere and possibly also from Bayraklı and Hüyücek-Helvacı. See also, Driehaus, op. cit. 78, fig. 1, nos. 10, 12–14 [Gümüşova I] and 82 fig. 3, nos. 8, 9 [Ayazköy].

12 I am most grateful to Professor Kyriakides for permission to use these sketches.

13 cf. Schachermeyr, , Die Ältesten Kulturen Griechenlands, 132, Fig. 32: 3Google Scholar.

14 In addition to Paradimi and Dikili Tash, this ware is found at Drama. Polystylo, Akropotamos, Olynthus, Hagios Mamas, and possibly Vardina.

15 Similar sherds were found at Stivos.

16 Schachermeyr, , Die Ältesten Kulturen Griechenlands, 110, Fig. 23Google Scholar.

17 AA. 1959, 36 ff.Google Scholar, and Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz 6 (1959), 1 ffGoogle Scholar. (also printed separately by Rudolf Habelt Verlag, Bonn).

18 In Theokhares, , Θεσσαλικὰ Α′ (1958) 6 ff.Google Scholar; Β′ (1959) 55 f. and n. 3, the Black Burnished ware is designated as Πρωτόγονα ГΙα.

19 For other shapes see Milojčić, Jahrb. R-GZM 6 (1959), Figs. 14Google Scholar; 15: 1–7, 9; 17: 3–9. Also Theokhares, , Θεσσαλικὰ Α′ (1958) Pl. 1Google Scholar.

20 Milojčić suggests four phases (?) of the one period, i.e. the Dhimini period, I, II, III, IV, of which the last is “Classic Dhimini”.

21 Milojčić, , Jahrb. R-GZM 6 (1959), Figs. 18, 19Google Scholar.

22 Theokhares, , Θεσσαλικὰ Β′ (1959) 58Google Scholar.

23 As recently suggested by Milojčić and Theokhares.

24 Theokhares also comments on the mottling, Θεσσαλικὰ Β′ (1959) 59. cf. Blegen, , Zygouries, 77Google Scholar.

25 Hesperia VI (1937), 540 ff., Fig. 1 c and d, Fig. 2.

26 I wish to thank Prof. Homer Thompson for permission to use this sherd which will be included in the Mycenaean and earlier material to be published by Mrs. S. A. Immerwahr.

27 AM. 42 (1917), 51Google Scholar, Fig. 55; also Äberg, , Bronzezeitliche und Früheisenzeitliche Chronologie IV, 107, Fig. 204Google Scholar.

28 Schachermeyer, , Die Ältesten Kulturen Griechenlands, 140, Fig. 35: 4Google Scholar.

29 Furness, , PPS 22 (1956), 174 ffGoogle Scholar.

30 A full discussion is made by J. Mellaart in the forthcoming publication of the Beycesultan excavations.

31 The final publication by M. S. F. Hood is in preparation.

32 As in the Early Chalcolithic period, when it was probably part of a “bridge” leading from Anatolia via Skiathos and Skyros to Thessaly.

33 Material on display in the National Museum, Athens. Also on display in the National Museum, Athens, is a complete Kumtepe I b type bowl (NM. 5352) from the settlement site of Amorgos.

34 I am grateful to Mr. Seton Lloyd and Mr. James Mellaart for permission to repeat these drawings from the preliminary publications.

35 Thanks to the kindness of Dr. Nezih Fıratlı, I was able to see a selection of Kumtepe sherds in the Istanbul Museum.

36 So far this phase has not been found on our sites. Early Chalcolithic has been found which represents Hacılar levels VI and I but it remains to be proved stratigraphically both in the south-west and in the north-west that Early Chalcolithic is followed by Late Chalcolithic of Beycesultan 1 type.

37 This phase is “Neolithic” in the Greek sense, not in the Anatolian.

38 Besikatepe, Kumtepe I a, Ovaköy I, Kennez II, Tigani, Paros,? Beycesultan, Emporio.

39 Recent discoveries at Çardakaltı, near Edirne, promise to be interesting; AJA. 65 (1961), 43Google Scholar.

40 Heurtley, , Prehistoric Macedonia, 166Google Scholar. I found identical sherds at the Galepsos site and in the plain of Drama. Near Drama also I found fragments of bowls with typical early-Troy I tubular lugs (May, 1961).

41 Praktika 1938, 111Google Scholar.

42 This material will appear in the Beycesultan publication.

43 Jahrb. R-GZM 6 (1959), 25Google Scholar.

44 The sherd (Fig. 15: 13) was found on a mound which has so far produced only Classic Dhimini ware.

45 Some graphite painted sherds are on display in the National Museum, Athens, but the provenance is lost, although one sherd in the museum collection is said to be from Dhimini.

46 Jahrb. R-GZM 6 (1959), 15Google Scholar. Nevertheless the possibility remains that Grey on Grey belongs to the end of the Sesklo period rather than to the Larisa.

47 See n. 22, 23 above. Theokhares distinguishes levels of Red Slipped and Burnished ware and of Rakhmani Crusted ware.

48 Caskey, , Hesperia XXIX (1960), 299Google Scholar.

49 Caskey, , Hesperia XXIX (1960), 126 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

50 Actually Urfirnis are frags. 448 (sauceboat rim), 572, 578, 595, 598 (sauceboat rim), 599, 600, 605, 681 ; possibly also 475.

51 EH I/Thessalian EB I would then be once more without origin.

52 The beginning of EH II (Urfirnis) would have to be at least as early as mid Troy I if not earlier. EH I would then be contemporary with Kumtepe I b.

53 The situation would be made worse if Hacılar and Sesklo were brought down into the 5th (or 4th) millennium.

54 For a definitive account of EH I, II and III in the Argolid see Caskey, , Hesperia XXIX (1960), 285 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

55 Caskey, , Hesperia XXIX (1960), 164 and n. 28Google Scholar.

56 The views of Blegen and Mellaart here coincide: the beginning of Troy I may have been earlier, but certainly not later, than 3000 B.C.

57 Though it could be argued that these sherds represent the rare class of painted EH II ware discussed by Caskey, , Hesperia XXIX (1960), 300Google Scholar.

58 Blegen, , Troy Vol. I, 154 and Fig. 251: 14 (447)Google Scholar.

59 Blegen, , Troy Vol. I, Fig. 446Google Scholar.

60 Blegen, , Troy Vol. IGoogle Scholar: for frag. 566 see p. 185 and Fig. 252: 2; for frag. 567 see p. 184 and Fig. 252: 1. For stratification see Fig. 437: 566 in stratum 12, 567 in stratum 13, Urfirnis frags. 448, 572, 595, 598, 599, 600, 605 in stratum 18.

61 Caskey, , Hesperia XXIX (1960), 293Google Scholar.

62 Sherds in the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.

63 See the forthcoming Beycesultan publication.

64 Hesperia XXIII (1954), Pl. 11 bGoogle Scholar. In Lerna period IV see Hesperia XXIX (1960), 286 and 297Google Scholar.

65 Hesperia XXIX (1960), 164Google Scholar. Caskey would estimate the beginnings of EH I as being “somewhat earlier in the 3rd millennium”.

66 Antiquity XXXIV (1960), 270 ffGoogle Scholar.

67 Excavations scheduled for summer 1961 on a site in Macedonia under the direction of Professor J. G. D. Clark and Mr. R. Rodden may well throw some light on this particular sequence. The results are to be published in the PPS.

68 AA. 1959, 49, Fig. 4Google Scholar.