Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xfwgj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-05T02:21:45.852Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Muş in the Early Bronze Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

Mitchell S. Rothman  and
Gülriz Kozbe
Mitchell S. Rothman
Affiliation:
Widener UniversityChester, PA, USA
Gülriz Kozbe
Affiliation:
Ege ÜniversitesiIzmir, Turkey
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In 1991 a crew of American, Canadian, and Turkish researchers began a new and comprehensive survey in the Muş Province of Eastern Turkey. The goal of the survey was to study the evolution of settlement and landuse in a marginal zone at the intersection of four great culture areas of the Middle East: Central Anatolia, Western Iran, the Transcaucasus, and Mesopotamia.

This area of Eastern Turkey had been visited previously by I. K. Kökten in 1940s (1947) and Charles Burney in 1950s (1958). Given the large area these surveyors covered and their limited means of transportation, and given the newly excavated material coming from north of the great Taurus mountain massif and from Van (e.g., Sagona 1994, Sagona et al 1992, Çilingiroğlu 1987, 1988), a more comprehensive effort appeared warranted. The first season was six weeks in duration. During that time we re-visited 17 of the sites found by Kökten and Burney, and located 11 new sites. A second season was launched in 1993 with the aim of covering areas not surveyed previously (see Figure 1), mostly in the northern foothills and higher elevations near Hamurpet Lake. Unfortunately, conditions did not permit us to do a second season, nor is a season in the very near future likely. We, therefore, will be publishing the results we have already arrived at, aware that our sample is not complete.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 47 , December 1997 , pp. 105 - 126
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES CITED

Adams, R. McC., 1974 “The Mesopotamian Social Landscape: a View From the Frontier. In Moore, Charlotte, ed., Reconstructing Complex Societies. Pp. 1–20. BASOR Supplement 20.Google Scholar
Arsebük, G., 1979 “Altınova'da (Elâzığ) Köyü Yüzlü Açkılı ve Karaz Türü Çanak Çömlek Arasındaki ıli kiler”, VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler I (1976), pp. 81–92. Ankara.Google Scholar
Burney, C., 1958 “Eastern Anatolia in the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age.” Anatolian Studies VIII: 157–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burney, C. and Lang., D., 1971 Peoples of the Hills. London.Google Scholar
Çilingiroğlu, A., 1987 Van-Dilkaya Höyüğü Kaziları, 1985. VIII Kazi Sonuçları Toplantısı I. pp. 81–94. Ankara.Google Scholar
Çilingiroğlu, A., 1988 Van-Dilkaya Hüyüğü Kaziları, 1987. IX Kazi Sonuçları Toplantısı I. pp. 229–48. Ankara.Google Scholar
Clark, J. D., 1970 The Prehistory of Africa. New York (Praeger).Google Scholar
Conti, A. M. and Persiani, C., 1993 “When Worlds Collide: Cultural Developments in Eastern Anatolia in the Early Bronze Age.” In Frangipane, M., Hauptmann, H., Liverani, M., Matthiae, P., and Mellinck, M., eds., Between the Rivers and Over the Mountains, pp. 361–14. Rome.Google Scholar
Cribb, R., 1991 Nomads in Archaeology. Cambridge (University Press.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewdney, J. C., 1971 Turkey, an Introductory Geography. New York.Google Scholar
Digard, J.-P., 1975 “Campements Baxtiari: Observations d'un Ethnologue sur des Matériaux interrésant L'Archéologue.” Studia Iranica 4: 177–29.Google Scholar
Duru, R., 1979 Keban Projesi Değirmentepe Kazısı. 1973. Middle East Technical University Keban Project Publications, Series III. No.2. Ankara.Google Scholar
Esin, U., 1982 “Tepecik Excavations 1974.” in Keban Project 1974–75 Activities. pp. 95–118. Ankara (METU).Google Scholar
Ferdinand, K., 1962 “Nomadic Expansion and Commerce in central Afghanistan.” Folk 4:123–60.Google Scholar
Frangipane, M. and Palmieri, A., 1983 “Cultural Developments at Arslantepe at the Beginning of the Third Millennium: The Settlements of Period VIB, Origini 12, 1983, 523–74.Google Scholar
Hole, F., 1974 Tepe Tula'i, an Early Campsite in Khuzistan, Iran. Paléorient 2: 219–42.Google Scholar
Hole, F., 1978 Pastoral Nomadism in Western Iran. In Gould, Richard, ed., Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology. pp. 127–68. Albuquerque. (University of New Mexico Press).Google Scholar
Hole, F., 1980 The Prehistory of Herding: Some Suggestions from Ethnography. In L'Archéologie de l'Iraq. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Hole, F., 1994 “Environmental Instabilities and Urban Origins.” in Stein, G. and Rothman, M., eds., Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East. pp. 121–52. Madson, WI: (Prehistory Press).Google Scholar
Kelly-Buccellati, M., 1979 “The Outer Fertile Crescent Culture: Northeastern Connections of Syria and Palestine in the Third Millennium B.C.” Ugarit-Forschungen. Band 11:413–30.Google Scholar
Kelly-Buccellati, M., 1990 “Trade in Metals in the Third Millennium: Northeast Syria and Eastern Anatolia. In Donzel, E. van, Mellinck, M., Nijland, C., Roodenberg, J. J. et Veenhof, K. R., eds., Resurrecting the Past (Bounni Festschrift). Istanbul.Google Scholar
Kökten, I.K., 1947 “Yılında Türk Tarih Kurumu Adina Yapılan Araştırmalar”. Belleten 11: 431–72.Google Scholar
Korfmann, M., 1982 Tilkitepe. Tübingen.Google Scholar
Koşay, H. Z., 1976 Keban Projesi Pulur Kazısı 1968–70. Keban Project Pulur Excavations 1968–70, Middle East Technical University Keban Project Publications, Series III. No.1, pp. 113–230. Ankara.Google Scholar
Koşay, H. Z. and Turfan., M., 1959 “Erzurum–1959 Karaz Kazısı Raporu”, Belleten XXIII, 349–384.Google Scholar
Kozbe, G., 1987 Van-Dilkaya Höyüğü 1984–1986: Kazı Dönemlerinde Ele Geçen Erken Transkafkasya Çanak Çömleği, Izmir, 1987, (Unpublished MA. thesis).Google Scholar
Kozbe, G., 1990 “Van-Dilkaya Höyüğü Erken Transkafkasya Keramiği”, VII. Araştıirma Sonuçcları Toplantısı (1989), pp. 533–54. Ankara.Google Scholar
MTA (Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü), 1988 Türkiye Jeoloji Haritalar Serisi. Muş (H33, G33). Ankara.Google Scholar
Oliver, R., 1970 “The Problem of the Bantu Expansion”, in Fage, J. D. and Oliver, R., eds, Papers in African Prehistory, pp. 141–56. Cambridge (University Press).Google Scholar
Rothman, M. S., 1992 “Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Survey in the Alpaslan Dam Reservoir Area and Muş Plain 1991”, X. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı. pp. 269–78. Ankara.Google Scholar
Rothman, M. S., 1994 “The Pottery of the Muş Plain and the Evolving Place of a High Border Land”, X. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, pp. 281–94. Ankara.Google Scholar
Russell, H., 1980 Pre-Classical Pottery of Eastern Anatolia. BAR International Series 85. Ankara.Google Scholar
Sagona, A., 1984 The Caucasian Region in the Early Bronze Age. BAR International Series 214, Ankara.Google Scholar
Sagona, A., 1994 The Aşvan Sites 3. Keban Rescue Excavations, Eastern Anatolia, BIAA Monograph 18, Ankara.Google Scholar
Sagona, A., Pemberton, E., and McPhee, I., 1992. “Excavations at Büyüktepe Höyük, 1991: Second Preliminary Report”, Anatolian Studies XLII, 29–46.Google Scholar
Sagona, A., Pemberton, E., and McPhee, I., 1994 The Aşvan Sites 3: Early Bronze Age. British Institute at Ankara Monograph 18.Google Scholar
Saunders, J. J., 1965 A History of Medieval Islam. London (Routledge). also http://www.fordam.edu./halsall/med/saunders.html.Google Scholar
Serdaroğlu, Ü., 1977 Aşagı Firat Havzasında Araştımalar. O.D.T.U. Ankara.Google Scholar
Summers, G. D., 1982 A study of the Architecture, Pottery, and Other Material From Yanık Tepe, Haftavan Tepe VIII and Related Sites. Dissertation. University of Manchester.Google Scholar
van Zeist, W. and Bottema, S., 1982 “Vegetational History of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East During the Last 20,000 Years” in Bintliff, J. L. and van Zeist, W., eds., Palaeoclimates, Palaeoenvironments, and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistory, pp. 277–321. British Archaeological Review, Insternal Series 133. Oxford.Google Scholar
Whallon, R., 1979. An Archaeological Survey of the Keban Reservoir Area of East-Central Turkey. Memoir 11. Museum of Anthropology. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yakar, Jak, 1985 The Later Prehistory of Anatolia: the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. BAR International Series 268 (ii). Ankara.Google Scholar