² Dawes, E., ed. and Transl., Anna Komnena, The Alexiad, London 1928 repr. 1967, p. 277Google Scholar.

³ SirRamsay, William, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, London 1890, p. 27Google Scholar.

⁴ Cuntz, O. ed., Itineraria Romana, Itineraria Antonini Augusti et Burdigalense, Leipzig 1929Google Scholar. These two itineraries, together with the Peutinger Tables are also printed in Miller, K., Itineraria Romana, Stuttgart 1916 repr. Rome 1964Google Scholar.

⁵ Oikonomides, N., Les listes de préséances byzantines des IXième et Xième siècles, Paris 1972, pp. 233, 273Google Scholar.

⁶ Garstang, J., Gurney, O. R., The Geography of the Hittite Empire, London 1959, particularly pp. 32–9Google Scholar.

⁷ Apollonius of Rhodes, transl. R. C. Seaton, Loeb ed. Bk II is concerned with the voyage along the Pontic Coast. For a general review of the Black Sea: Bratianu, G. I., La Mer Noire des origines à la conquête ottomane, Munich 1969Google Scholar.

⁸ Xenophon, transl. Brownson, Carleton, Anabasis, Loeb, ed., London, New York 1932Google Scholar.

⁹ Baschmakoff, A., La synthèse des periples pontiques, Paris 1948Google Scholar. Conveniently edits Arrian, pp. 80–99, with other Black Sea itineraries.

¹⁰ Ahrweiler, H., Byzance et la mer, Paris 1966Google Scholar, for Byzantine naval activity along the Black Sea coast.

¹¹ Lampsides, O., ed., Μιχαὴλ Παναρέτου, Περὶ τῶν μεγάλων Κομνηνῶν. Ποντικαι Ἔρευναι, 2. Athens 1958Google Scholar.

¹² Heyd, W., Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen-âge, I, II, Leipzig 1885–1886, repr. Amsterdam 1967Google Scholar, for a general picture of trade in this period. Bratianu, G., Recherches sur le commerce génois dans la Mer Noire au XIIIième siècle, Paris 1929Google Scholar. Bryer, A. A. M., “The Littoral of the Empire of Trebizond in two fourteenth century portolano maps”, Archeion Pontou 24, Athens 1961, pp. 97–127Google Scholar.

¹³ Efendi, Evliya, transl. von Hammer, J., Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the seventeenth century, London 1834, 1850, II, pp. 36, 40Google Scholar, has references to castles built by the Genoese, showing that their activities had already taken on a somewhat legendary character in Evliya's time.

¹⁴ Pontic alum is mentioned by Pliny, ed. Rackham, H., Natural History, Loeb, ed., 1952, XXXV, LII, 184Google Scholar. Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci, La pratica della mercatura, ed. Evans, A., Cambridge Mass. 1936, p. 369Google Scholar, writing in the early fourteenth century, also mentions the alum. Cf. W. Heyd, op. cit., II, p. 366.

¹⁵ Yule, H., Cathay and the Way Thither, Hakluyt Society, 2 vols., London 1866, I, p. 44Google Scholar. Odoric specifies Trebizond as “A port for the Persians, Medes, and all the people on the further side of the sea”.

¹⁶ Clavijo, G., ed. Estrada, F. L., Embajada a Tamorlan, Madrid 1943Google Scholar, transl. Strange, G. Le, Embassy to Tamerlane, London 1928Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Turner, T. Hudson, “Unpublished notices of the times of Edward I”, The Archaeological Journal VIII, (1851), pp. 45–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸ Tavernier, J. B., Les Six Voyages en Turquie, Paris 1681, Bk I, p. 18Google Scholar; Bk III, pp. 273–6.

¹⁹ Pococke, R., A Description of the East and some other countries, 2 vols., London 1743–1745, vol. II, pt 2, pp. 91, 102Google Scholar.

²⁰ de Peyssonel, M., Traité sur le commerce de la Mer Noire, 2 vols, Paris 1787, II, pp. 13–130Google Scholar for ports along the southern shore. The story of the fish may perhaps be based on the swarming of the tunny or the anchovy, both of which are important to the economy of the southern shores of the Black Sea. A similar fish story for this region appears in the Arab geographer El Macoudi, Les Prairies d'Or, text and transl. de Meynard, C. Barbier, Paris 1861–1877, II, p. 48Google Scholar.

²¹ Travels of Macarius, Patriarch of Antioch, transl. Belfour, F. C., London, 1829Google Scholar.

²² For the Roman roads, see K. Miller, op. cit., route 93, p. 669 and route 97, p. 679, and map p. 643. For Federico di Piazzalunga see G. I. Bratianu, op. cit., p. 159.

²³ Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Princeton 1950, I, p. 621Google Scholar.

²⁴ Arrian, ed. Baschmakoff, op. cit., pp. 82–3. A. A. M. Bryer, and D. Winfield in forthcoming Historical geography will describe the site, and an article will discuss it.

²⁵ Xenophon, op. cit., IV, VII, 20–6.

²⁶ This great discovery, of which Monsieur Briot was so proud was fated to come down to posterity in disguise. Everyone got his name wrong, and his English account appeared as that of Rorit, M. P., “Identification of Mount Theches of Xenophon”, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, XL, London 1870, ff. 463–73Google Scholar; while the German version was by Borit, . Kiepert sorted out the muddle in Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, XXV, Berlin 1890, p. 390 n. 1Google Scholar.

²⁷ Ainsworth, W. F., Travels and Researches in Asia Minor… London 1842, II, p. 396Google Scholar, places Teke Daǧı on the Pontic watershed. Idem, Xenophon's Anabasis, Sir John Lubbock's Hundred Books, London 1894, pp. 326–7, had it between Bayburt and Erzurum, which would be Kop Daǧı, but he calls it Tekiye Tagh. Idem, Travels in the track of the Ten Thousand Greeks as related by Xenophon, London, 1844, p. 247 also has Theches between Bayburt and Erzurum, and correctly calls it Kop Tagh. Ainsworth may in fact have derived this identification from D'Anville, M., Géographie ancienne abrégée, 3 vols, Paris 1768, II, p. 37Google Scholar. D'Anville puts Theches on the Pontic watershed.

²⁸ Fowler, G., Three Years in Persia, London 1841. pp. 286–7Google Scholar.

²⁹ Chesney, Lieut-Colonel, The Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris carried on by order of the British Government in the years 1835, 1836, and 1837, 4 vols, I, London 1850Google Scholar, II, London, 1850,. I., p. 287, suggests Zigani or Karagul; II, p. 228–43 Commentary on Xenophon's march, favours Gaur Tagh, p. 232–3. Also GeneralChesney, Rawdon, Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition, London 1868, p. 128–9Google Scholar.

³⁰ The Life of the late General F. R. Chesney by his wife and daughter, ed. Poole, S. Lane, London 1885, pp. 246–7Google Scholar.

³¹ Procopius, ed. and transl. Dewing, H. B. and Downey, G., Loeb, ed. London, Harvard, Buildings III, VII, 3Google Scholar.

³² Procopius, ibid, III, V, 2. Honigmann, E., Die Ostgrenze des byzantinischen Reiches, Brussels 1961, pp. 3–37Google Scholar, for the Roman Persian frontier in this period.

³³ Kinneir, J. M., Journey through Asia Minor, Armenia, and Kurdistan, London 1818, p. 319 ffGoogle Scholar. G. Fowler, op. cit., pp. 85–7, has a long and interesting note that Kinneir died at Tabriz in 1830 and was buried at his own request at Etchmiadzin where a monument made in London was set up for him.

³⁴ Brant, J., “Journey through a part of Armenia and Asia Minor in the year 1835”, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 6, London 1836, p. 222Google Scholar.

³⁵ “Alberti Aquensis Historiae”, in Receuil des historiens des croissades, historiens occidentaux IV, Paris 1879, pp. 563–74Google Scholar. Runciman, S., A History of the Crusades, Harmonds-worth 1965, II, pp. 21–4Google Scholar.

³⁶ Hogarth, D. G., Munro, J. A. R., “Modern and Ancient roads in Eastern Asia Minor”, Royal Geographical Society Supplementary Papers, III, 1893, p. 739Google Scholar.

³⁷ The best general survey of the country and the ancient sites through which our road passes is still Anderson, J. G. C., Cumont, F., Studia Pontica, I–III, Brussels 1903–1910Google Scholar, A projected fourth volume will be edited by T. B. Mitford.

³⁸ The Aplekta are listed in Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Ceremoniis, CSHB ed. Niebuhr, B. G., Bonn 1829, I, pp. 444–5Google Scholar. The most recent comment on the list by Huxley, G. L., “A list of Aplekta” in Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 16, North Carolina, 1975, pp. 87–93Google Scholar.

³⁹ Forster, C. T., Daniell, F. H. B., The Life and letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, London 1881Google Scholar. Dernschwam, Hans, “Tagebuch einer Reise nach Konstantinopel und Kleinasien 1553–5”, ed. Babinger, F., Studien zur Fugger Geschichte, 15, Munich 1923, pp. 151–239Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Texier, C., Descriptions de l'Asie Mineure, I, Paris 1839, pp. 55, 56Google Scholar and plate 4. If Texier is accurate the river was still flowing under the bridge when he drew it, and he saw more of the buildings at either end of the bridge, including one at the west end with a spiral staircase.

⁴¹ D. Magie, op. cit., I, pp. 353–60.

⁴² Satala is described by Cumont, , Studia Pontica, op. cit., II, pp. 343–51Google Scholar. Mitford, T. B. will be producing a new description of it, and he has commented on it in “Some Inscriptions from the Cappadocian Limès”, Journal of Roman Studies, LXIV, 1974, pp. 160–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and in “Billiotti's excavations at Satala” in Anatolian Studies, XXIV, 1974, pp. 221–44Google Scholar.

⁴³ Cumont, op. cit. D. Magie, op. cit., I, p. 607 and note 32 in II, p. 1465. The authorities differ as to whether the meeting was at Satala or further east along the road at Elegeia.

⁴⁴ Authorities vary as to the location of Havacic, the place where Basil received the homage; discussed by Honigmann, E., Ostgrenze, op. cit., pp. 194–6Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Procopius, , op. cit., The Buildings, III, VI, 23Google Scholar. He also mentions a Germani Fossatum at another place on the same journey. The only geographical comment on the passage is Adontz, N., Armenia in the period of Justinian, transl. Garsoian, N., Lisbon, 1970, pp. 49–53Google Scholar. Bryer and Winfield, op. cit., in fn. 1, will suggest a different interpretation.

⁴⁶ Procopius, op. cit., Wars, I, XV, 9–17.

⁴⁷ Baynes, N. H., “The first campaign of the Emperor Heraclius against Persia”, English Historical Review, XIX, London 1904, pp. 694–702Google Scholar. Bryer and Winfield, op. cit., fn 24, will attempt further elucidation.

⁴⁸ Cahen, C., “La première pénétration turque en Asie Mineure”, Byzantion, XVIII, Brussels 1948, pp. 5–67Google Scholar. Mordtmann, A. D., “Die Dynastie der Danischmende”, Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, XXX, Leipzig 1876, pp. 467–86Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ S. Runciman, Crusades, op. cit., III, “The coming of the Mongols”, pp. 237–54. P. 253 refers to the battle “at Sadakh near Erzincan”.

⁵⁰ Pitcher, D., An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire, Leiden 1972, pp. 75–82Google Scholar and maps. Babinger, F., Mehmed der Eroberer, Munich 1953, pp. 203–10, 331–4Google Scholar.

⁵¹ Chesney, Colonel F. R., The Russo-Turkish Campaigns of 1828 and 1829, London 1854, pp. 269–73Google Scholar. Allen, W. E. D., Muratoff, P., Caucasian Battlefields, Cambridge 1953, p. 41Google Scholar.

⁵² Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. and transl. Moravcsik, G., Jenkins, R. J. H., Washington 1967, pp. 214–15Google Scholar.

⁵³ Manandian, H. A., The Trade and Cities of Armenia in relation to ancient world trade, transl. Garsoian, N., Lisbon 1965, p. 169Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Hartwell, Abraham, The History of the Warres between the Turkes and the Persians… written in Italian by John Minadoi and translated into English by A. Hartwell, London 1595, p. 29Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ The most useful general survey of the roads, with some reservations as to identifications is Taeschner, F., “Das anatolische Wegenetz nach osmanischen Quellen”, Türkische Bibliothek, 22, 23 Leipzig 1926Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Account in Purchas, S., Purchas His Pilgrimes, Glasgow 1905, VIII, p. 472Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ The editions of Purchas seem to vary considerably. This comes from Purchas His Pilgrimage, 4th edition, London 1626, p. 579Google Scholar, but the edition contains no account of Newbery's travels.

⁵⁸ Çelebi, Evliya, Narrative of travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, transl. von Hammer, J., 2 vols, London 1834, 1850, II, p. 202Google Scholar. R. Pococke, op. cit., p. 91 also refers to “The great road from Persia, which is by way of Tocat, Amasia and Tosia to Constantinople”.

⁵⁹ De La Boullaye le-Gouz, Sieur, Les voyages et observations, Paris 1653, pp. 59–63Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ Edward Meltons, Engelsch Edelmans, Zeldzaame en Gedenkwaardige Zee- en Land-Reizen, Amsterdam 1702, pp. 254–74Google Scholar, and return journey pp. 362–4.

⁶¹ J. B. Tavernier, op. cit., Bk I, ch. II, p. 4–16.

⁶² Newbery in Purchas, 1905 ed., op. cit., p. 474 (quoted by French, D. H. in AS XXII, 243Google Scholar).

⁶³ Anderson, , Studia Pontica, op. cit. (n. 37), I, pp. 60–7Google Scholar; Cumont, , Studia Pontica, op. cit., II, pp. 248–53Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ Cumont, ibid, pp. 259–73.

⁶⁵ Quoted in Freytag, G. W., “Geschichte der Dynastien der Hamdaniden”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, X, Leipzig, 1856, p. 467Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ de Saint Martin, L. Vivien, Description historique et géographique de l'Asie Mineure, Paris, 1852, II, pp. 650–738Google Scholar, esp. Hadji Khalfa or Kiatib-Tchelebi, Djihan-Numa ou Mirroir du Monde, transl. Armain, p. 685. Part of the direct northern route from Osmancık to Erzurum is given on p. 687, but without detail.

⁶⁷ Burnaby, F., On horseback through Asia Minor, London 1877, I, p. 319Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ Smith, Eli, Dwight, H. G. O., Missionary Researches in Armenia, London 1834, pp. 21–61Google Scholar for the highroad to Erzurum.

⁶⁹ Père Villotte (but Anon.), Voyages d'un missionaire de la Compagnie de Jésus en Turquie, en Perse, et en Arménie… Paris 1730, p. 20Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ Morier, J., A journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor to Constantinople in the years 1808 and 1809, London 1812, pp. 317–362Google Scholar; Second Journey, London 1818Google Scholar.

⁷¹ SirKer Porter, Robert, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia… 2 vols, London 1821–1822, II, pp. 672–736Google Scholar. Appendix with itinerary, p. 817, and 820–8 useful medical notes for travellers.

⁷² James Baillie Frazer, refers to his first journey as travelling Tatar, but it was not particularly fast and his date for it is 1834 in one reference and 1833 in the letter heads. This first journey is described in A Winters Journey (Tatar) from Constantinople to Tehran etc. 2 vols, London 1838, I, pp. 173–252Google Scholar. The genuine Journey, Tatar is in Travels in Koordistan, Mesopotamia… London 1840, II, pp. 344–86Google Scholar, with valedictory remarks on the last page.

⁷³ Thomas, Howel M.D., A Journal of the Passage from India by a route unfrequented through Armenia and Natolia or Asia Minor… London, no date, B.M. catalogue 1790, Bodley 1787, pp. 99–110, 163–4Google Scholar, itinerary Sivas to Constantinople; pp. 171–8 on the advantage of this route to India taking c. 62 days from London.

⁷⁴ De Gardane, A., Journal d'un voyage dans la Turquie d'Asie et la Perse, Paris 1809, pp. 1–21Google Scholar for Istanbul to Erzurum (p. 25 of this book has a moving story reminiscent of Oates and Scott: near Ad Confluentes, Lieutenant Reboul of the Artillery spent a night outside the tents in the freezing snow because he thought he had contracted the plague and did not wish to give it to his friends); Anon, (but by Dupré, M.), Voyage en Perse fait dans les anneés 1807–1808, et 1809…, Paris 1819Google Scholar; and a number of others will be listed in Bryer and Winfield, Pontus, see above fn. 1.

⁷⁵ The Reverend Van Lennep, H. J., D.D., Travels in little known parts of Asia Minor, London 1870, I, pp. 166–72Google Scholar has an account of Henry Martyn and of the setting up of this obelisk, which was his second monument. Babinger, F. in Mordtmann, A. D., Anatolien, Skizzen und Reisebriefe aus Kleinasien, 1850–1859Google Scholar, ed. F. Babinger, Hanover, 1925, pp. 463–4 and p. 571, n. 13 has the epitaph and a bibliography of books on Martyn.

⁷⁶ Smith and Dwight, op. cit., p. 42.

⁷⁷ J. Brant, op. cit., p. 210–11.