Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T23:01:33.612Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Benefits of a multimodal analgesia compared to local anesthesia alone to alleviate pain following castration in sheep: a multiparametric approach

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2019

D. Durand ,
M. Faure ,
A. de la Foye  and
A. de Boyer des Roches Open the ORCID record for A. de Boyer des Roches [Opens in a new window]
D. Durand
Affiliation:
Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
M. Faure
Affiliation:
Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
A. de la Foye
Affiliation:
Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
A. de Boyer des Roches*
Affiliation:
Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
*
†E-mail: alice.deboyerdesroches@vetagro-sup.fr
Get access

Abstract

Castration of male ruminants is a common livestock management practice, but induces pain. However, little is known about the effectiveness of multimodal analgesia compared to local anesthesia (LA) alone in reducing pain associated with burdizzo castration in sheep. This study aimed to monitor the pain response induced by castration in sheep and to assess the efficacy of analgesia strategies. Twenty-four 12-month-old male Texel sheep were burdizzo-castrated after administration of physiological serum (Burd), local anesthetic (Burd+LA) or LA plus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Burd+LA+NSAID). Sheep responses were monitored using behavioral and physiological indices of pain. Sampling occurred from 24 h pre-castration to 78 h post-castration, split into four periods based on the duration of analgesia: P0 (T-24 to T-1 h), P1 (T0 to T+2 h), P2 (T+3 to T+32 h) and P3 (T+36 to T+78 h). Behavioral indices were attention and head position, ear position, position of the eyelid, other facial expression, standing/lying postures, postures of the legs, clinical signs and abnormal activities. Physiological indices consisted in indicators of inflammation (haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA), body temperature), hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis (cortisol, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose), autonomous nervous system (heart rate variability (HRV)) and oxidative stress. The variables contributing most to discrimination of the period×treatment groups were analyzed by factorial discrimination analysis. Pre-castration (P0), there was no significant difference between treatments for all indicators (P > 0.05). Post-castration, eight indicators varied significantly according to period and treatment: cortisol, clinical signs, ratio of low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) bands of the HRV, attention and head position, SAA, haptoglobin, body temperature and glucose. The treatment×periods groups were well discriminated by the 23 indicators. Burd in P0, Burd+LA in P0 and Burd+LA+NSAID in P0, P1 and P2 had low values for all indicators, likely reflecting absence of pain and discomfort. Burd in P1 and P2 and Burd+LA in P2 showed clinical signs and reduced attention, high LF/HF and high cortisol levels, reflecting acute pain. Burd and Burd+LA in P3 had high temperature, high haptoglobin, high glucose and high SAA, but no response from other pathways. These results suggest that (i) behavioral signs of pain were apparent up to 32 h post-castration, (ii) LA was partially effective, but only during its time of action (2 h) and (iii). multimodal analgesia (LA and NSAID) was effective for up to 3 days post-castration. These findings, and especially those related to sheep behavior, can help veterinarians and farmers better detect pain and refine their pain alleviation methods.

Keywords

behaviorphysiologynon-steroidal anti-inflammatory druglocal anesthetictesticularectomy
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 13 , Issue 9 , September 2019 , pp. 2034 - 2043
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anil, L, Anil, SS and Deen, J 2005. Pain detection and amelioration in animals on the farm: issues and options. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science: JAAWS 8, 261–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auboiron, S, Sparrow, DA, Beaubatie, L, Bauchart, D, Sparrow, JT, Laplaud, PM and Chapman, MJ 1990. Characterization and amino-terminal sequence of apolipoprotein AI from plasma high density lipoproteins in the preruminant calf, Bos spp. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications 166, 833–839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boissy, A and Bouissou, MF 1994. Effects of androgen treatment on behavioral and physiological responses of heifers to fear-eliciting situations. Hormones and Behavior 28, 66–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coetzee, JF 2011. A review of pain assessment techniques and pharmacological approaches to pain relief after bovine castration: practical implications for cattle production within the United States. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 135, 192–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coetzee, JF 2013. Assessment and management of pain associated with castration in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 29, 75–101.Google ScholarPubMed
de Boyer des Roches, A, Faure, M, Lussert, A, Herry, V, Rainard, P, Durand, D and Foucras, G 2017. Behavioral and patho-physiological response as possible sings of pain in dairy cows during Escherichia coli mastitis: a pilot study. Journal of Dairy Science 100, 8385–8397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earley, B and Crowe, MA 2002. Effects of ketoprofen alone or in combination with local anesthesia during the castration of bull calves on plasma cortisol, immunological, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Animal Science 80, 1044–1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckersall, PD, Young, FJ, McComb, C, Hogarth, CJ, Safi, S, Weber, A, McDonald, T, Nolan, AM and Fitzpatrick, JL 2001. Acute phase proteins in serum and milk from dairy cows with clinical mastitis. Veterinary Record 148, 35–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faure, M, Paulmier, V, Boissy, A, de la Foye, A, de Boyer des Roches, A. and Durand, D 2017. A multiparametric approach to discriminate the impacts of different levels of invasiveness of surgical procedures in sheep. Animal 11, 2275–2284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, AD, Crowe, MA, Alonso de la Varga, ME and Enright, WJ 1996. Effect of castration method and the provision of local anesthesia on plasma cortisol, scrotal circumference, growth, and feed intake of bull calves. Journal of Animal Science 74, 2336–2343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guesgen, MJ, Beausoleil, NJ, Minot, EO, Stewart, M, Stafford, KJ and Morel, PCH 2016. Lambs show changes in ear posture when experiencing pain. Animal Welfare 25, 171–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Häger, C, Biernot, S, Buettner, M, Glage, S, Keubler, LM, Held, N, Bleich, EM, Otto, K, Müller, CW, Decker, S, Talbot, SR and Bleich, A 2017. The Sheep Grimace Scale as an indicator of post-operative distress and pain in laboratory sheep. PLoS One 12, e0175839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kent, JE, Molony, V and Robertson, IS 1993. Changes in plasma cortisol concentration in lambs of three ages after three methods of castration and tail docking. Research in Veterinary Science 55, 246–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebart, L, Piron, M and Morineau, A 1995. Statistique exploratoire multidimensionnelle. Dunod, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Martin, P and Bateson, P 2013. Measuring behaviour: an introductory guide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
McLennan, KM, Rebelo, CJB, Corke, MJ, Holmes, MA, Leach, MC and Constantino-Casas, F 2016. Development of a facial expression scale using footrot and mastitis as models of pain in sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 176, 19–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melches, S, Mellema, SC, Doherr, MG, Wechsler, B and Steiner, A 2007. Castration of lambs: a welfare comparison of different castration techniques in lambs over 10 weeks of age. The Veterinary Journal 173, 554–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mellema, SC, Doherr, MG, Wechsler, B, Thueer, S and Steiner, A 2006. Influence of local anaesthesia on pain and distress induced by two bloodless castration methods in young lambs. The Veterinary Journal 172, 274–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molony, V and Kent, JE 1997. Assessment of acute pain in farm animals using behavioral and physiological measurements. Journal of Animal Science 75, 266–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molony, V, Kent, JE, Hosie, BD and Graham, MJ 1997. Reduction in pain suffered by lambs at castration. The Veterinary Journal 153, 205–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molony, V, Kent, JE and McKendrick, IJ 2002. Validation of a method for assessment of an acute pain in lambs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76, 215–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molony, V, Kent, JE and Robertson, IS 1993. Behavioural responses of lambs of three ages in the first three hours after three methods of castration and tail docking. Research in Veterinary Science 55, 236–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pieler, D, Peinhopf, W, Becher, AC, Aurich, JE, Rose-Meierhöfer, S, Erber, R, Möstl, E and Aurich, C 2013. Physiological and behavioral stress parameters in calves in response to partial scrotal resection, orchidectomy, and Burdizzo castration. Journal of Dairy Science 96, 6378–6389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prunier, A, Mounier, L, Le Neindre, P, Leterrier, C, Mormede, P, Paulmier, V, Prunet, P, Terlouw, C and Guatteo, R 2013. Identifying and monitoring pain in farm animals: a review. Animal 7, 998–1010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
R Development Core Team 2008. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org.Google Scholar
Robertson, IS, Kent, JE and Molony, V 1994. Effect of different methods of castration on behaviour and plasma cortisol in calves of three ages. Research in Veterinary Science 56, 8–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scislowski, V, Bauchart, D, Gruffat, D, Laplaud, PM and Durand, D 2005. Effects of dietary n-6 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids protected or not against ruminal hydrogenation on plasma lipids and their susceptibility to peroxidation in fattening steers. Journal of Animal Science 83, 2162–2174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stafford, KJ and Mellor, DJ 2005. Dehorning and disbudding distress and its alleviation in calves. The Veterinary Journal 169, 337–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stewart, M, Stafford, KJ, Dowling, SK, Schaefer, AL and Webster, JR 2008. Eye temperature and heart rate variability of calves disbudded with or without local anaesthetic. Physiology & Behavior 93, 789–797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stilwell, G, Lima, MS and Broom, DM 2008. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on long-term pain in calves castrated by use of an external clamping technique following epidural anesthesia. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69, 744–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubsjøen, SM, Knappe-Poindecker, M, Langbein, J, Fjeldaas, T and Bohlin, J 2015. Assessment of chronic stress in sheep (part II): exploring heart rate variability as a non-invasive measure to evaluate cardiac regulation. Small Ruminant Research 133, 30–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ting, STL, Earley, B, Hughes, JML and Crowe, MA 2003. Effect of ketoprofen, lidocaine local anesthesia, and combined xylazine and lidocaine caudal epidural anesthesia during castration of beef cattle on stress responses, immunity, growth, and behavior. Journal of Animal Science 81, 1281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ting, STL, Earley, B, Veissier, I, Gupta, S and Crowe, MA 2007. Effects of age of Holstein-Friesian calves on plasma cortisol, acute-phase proteins, immunological function, scrotal measurements and growth in response to Burdizzo castration. Animal Science 80, 377–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toutain, PL and Lees, P 2004. Integration and modelling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic data to optimize dosage regimens in veterinary medicine. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 27, 467–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trinder, P 1969. Determination of blood glucose using an oxidase-peroxidase system with a non-carcinogenic chromogen. Journal of Clinical Pathology 22, 158–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Borell, E, Langbein, J, Després, G, Hansen, S, Leterrier, C, Marchant-Forde, J, Marchant-Forde, R, Minero, M, Mohr, E, Prunier, A, Valance, D and Veissier, I 2007. Heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity for assessing stress and welfare in farm animals — a review. Physiology & Behavior 92, 293–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weary DM, Niel L, Flower FC and Fraser D 2006. Identifying and preventing pain in animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100, 64–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welsh, EM, McKellar, QA and Nolan, M 1993. The pharmacokinetics of flunixine meglumine in the sheep. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16, 181–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Durand et al. supplementary material

Durand et al. supplementary material 1

Download Durand et al. supplementary material(File)
File 346.7 KB