¹ I use the terms ‘Cypro-Archaic’, abbreviated as CA, and ‘Archaic’ interchangeably to denote the periods from c.750 to 600 BC (CA I) and from c.600 to 475 BC (CA II). The following abbreviations, not standard in BSA, are used in addition.

ARDAC = Annual Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.

Bossert = Bossert, H.T., Altsyrien (Tübingen, 1951).Google Scholar

CC I = Cypro-Classical I (c.475–400 BC).

CG = Cypro-Geometric (c.1050–750 BC).

Decaudin = Decaudin, A. J., Les Antiquités chypriotes (Nicosia, 1987).Google Scholar

GCM = Dikaios, P., A Guide to the Cyprus Museum, 3rd edn (Nicosia, 1961).Google Scholar

KBH = Ohnefalsch-Richter, M., Kypros, the Bible and Homer (London, 1893).Google Scholar

Liénard = Liénard, J., Chypre: L'Île au cuivre (France, 1972).Google Scholar

Masson = Masson, O., BCH 92 (1968), 375–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Med. Bull. = Medelhavsmuseet Bulletin.

Negbi = Negbi, O., Canaanite Gods in Metal (Tel Aviv, 1976).Google Scholar

Seeden = Seeden, H., The Standing Armed Figures in the Levant (München, 1980).Google Scholar

I would like to thank the following for allowing me to examine material under their care: Mrs A. C. Brown (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford); Mme I. Aghion (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris); Mme A. Caubet (Louvre Museum, Paris); Dr V. Karageorghis (Cyprus Museum, Nicosia); and especially Dr V. Tatton-Brown (British Museum, London). For comments on earlier drafts, I am grateful to Mrs Brown, Dr Tatton-Brown, Dr J. J. Coulton, and Dr P. R. S. Moorey.

² For Lang's account see Lang, R. H., Narrative of Excavations in a Temple at Dali (Idalium) in Cyprus (London, n.d.)Google Scholar; repr. from Trans. Roy. Soc. Lit. 11 (1878), 30–71 with plan of sanctuary. Colonna-Ceccaldi, G., Monuments antiques de Chypre (Paris, 1882), pl. 1Google Scholar, provides a more detailed plan. On the location of the temple that Lang excavated and the difficulty of identifying it, see Masson, O., Inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques (Paris, 1983), 234–5Google Scholar; KBH pl. 3, no. 6 (near site E of the American Expedition to Idalion: Stager, L. E. et al. , American Expedition to Idalion, Cyprus (Cambridge, Mass., 1974) 14, fig. 1).Google Scholar See also Masson (n. 1), 386–9; Karageorghis, V., BCH 112 (1988), 831CrossRefGoogle Scholar; id., ARDAC 1987 (1988), 50. I have not been able to consult the unpublished dissertation of R. Senff on the temple of Apollo at Idalion, cited in the bibliography of Hermary, A., Musée du Louvre, Catalogue des antiquités de Chypre: Sculptures (Paris, 1989).Google Scholar

³ Masson 386–402.

⁴ Ibid. 393–6, items a, b, d, h; figs. 15–17, 28. See also Zournatzi, A., RDAC 1989, 127 n. 3Google Scholar, item c.

⁵ The need to examine the range of Cypriot anthropomorphic bronze statuettes is noted by Masson 409 n. 10; A. C. Brown and H. W. Catling, Op. Ath. 13 (1980), 131; Decaudin 184. I exclude from consideration the Cypriot bronze figurines that closely copy standard representations of Egyptian deities, since none has an archaeological context that allows even a broad dating. Such figurines, when found in the Levant, generally belong to the Persian period or later (e.g. Aharoni, Y., Beer-Sheba i (Tel Aviv. 1973), 16Google Scholar: 54; Pritchard, J. B., Gibeon (Princeton, 1962), 122Google Scholar; fig. 94; Iliffe, J. H., QDAP 5 (1936), 61–8)Google Scholar; the same may hold true for Cyprus. I know of the following examples in the Cyprus Museum, Nicosia: Nefertem (1977.viii–23.13; Nicolaou, K., AR (1980–1981), 57–8Google Scholar, fig. 6, with an LC date, but possibly Iron Age); Imhotep (D.3260; GCM 145, no. 6); Anubis (1959.xii–22.1); Osiris (1935.ix–11.1; 1947.x–16.7: D.3217; D.3258; D.3259; cf. GCM 145, no. 5). Note also Ross, L., A Journey to Cyprus (Nicosia, 1910), 74Google Scholar: ‘… a pygmy of bronze … in the form of the Egyptian Phthah with a little ring in the head….’

⁶ e.g. Seeden, Negbi.

⁷ See Tatton-Brown, V., ‘Archaeology in Cyprus 1960–1985: Classical to Roman periods’, in Karageorghis, V. (ed.), Archaeology in Cyprus 1960–1985 (Nicosia, 1985), 60–1Google Scholar, for relevant bibliography; Gaber-Saletan, P., Regional Styles in Cypriot Sculpture (New York, 1986), 57–62Google Scholar; Watkin, H. J., JHS 107 (1987), 161–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Markoe, G. E., Levant, 22 (1990), 111–22.Google Scholar

⁸ Lang (n. 2) 13 = p. 42. The plan in Colonna-Ceccaldi (n. 2) marks the position of one bronze statuette in front of a large stone basin, in a courtyard NW of the precinct. But Lang's plan and account suggest that bronzes were found further s as well, perhaps around his areas M and F.

⁹ The ancient Cypriot terms for these items of clothing are unknown. For headdresses, note Hdt. vii. 90 (μίτϱα): Hsch. s.v. ϰίτταϱις: schol. Ar. Nu. 10 on ϰοϱδύλη. For discussions of the sculptural evidence for Cypriot dress, see Maier, F. G., ‘Priest kings in Cyprus’, in Peltenburg, E. (ed.), Early Society in Cyprus (Edinburgh, 1989), 376–91Google Scholar; J. H., and Young, S. H., Terracotta Figurines from Kaution in Cyprus (Philadelphia, 1955), 195–211Google Scholar; Törnkvist, S., Med. Bull. 6 (1972), 21–35Google Scholar; Monloup, T., Salamine de Chypre, xii: Les Figurines de terre cuite de tradition archaïque (Paris, 1984), 111–84Google Scholar; Hermary (n. 2).

¹⁰ On Egyptian collars see e.g. Wilkinson, A., Ancient Egyptian Jewellery (London, 1971), 189–90.Google Scholar

¹¹ Catling, H. W., Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World (Oxford, 1964), 249.Google Scholar

¹² On the possibility of incising bronzes with different metals, see Maryon, H., AJA 53 (1949), 117–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lowery, P. R. et al. , PPS 37 (1971), 100.Google Scholar

¹³ For metal analyses of some prehistoric Cypriot bronzes, see Buchholz, H. G., Berl. Jahr. für Vor- und Frühgeschichte 7 (1967), 189–256.Google Scholar For analyses of similar statuettes from the Syria and Palestine areas, see Moorey, P. R. S. and Fleming, S., Levant, 16 (1984), 67–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ e.g. SCE 2, pls. 195, 199, 202.

¹⁵ Cf. Negbi 20, fig. 23; 252, no. 172, for a bronze figurine from Byblos with arms in a similar position, holding a spear in the r. hand; the object in the l. is missing.

¹⁶ Decaudin 44, no. 21: pl. 19, a female bronze statuette, said to be from Cyprus, may be noted here as a possibility, but its chronology is uncertain. It seems not to resemble the CA bronze statuettes from the island, and I have excluded it from the catalogue.

¹⁷ For the absolute chronology of the different archaeological periods at Ayia Irini, I follow Lewe's revision of Gjerstad's dates. Lewe, B., Studien zur archaischen kyprischen Plastik (Dortmund, 1975), 84–92Google Scholar, with bibliography.

¹⁸ Cf. the neck guard on 35 below.

¹⁹ Suggested in Decaudin, 184. Very possibly Cypriot as well and belonging to this group is Jantzen, U., Samos, viii (Bonn. 1972), 23Google Scholar; Taf. 23. no. B 490 (taken as Egyptian by Jantzen); cf. 1 and 2.

²⁰ e.g. Moorey and Fleming (n. 13). 83, nos. 4. 5; pl. 21: Schaeffer, C. F. A., Syria, 18 (1937), pl. 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For a Cypriot LBA example see below. n. 56.

²¹ Louvre Museum, Paris, AM 1186 (provenance unknown) is assigned to the LBA in Courtois, J.-C., RDAC 1971, 16Google Scholar: pl. 6. nos. 5–8; Negbi 22; 160, no. 1177: pl. 16. But this is the only example of a figure holding this stance listed in Negbi, and it seems more appropriate to associate it with the other examples from the Iron Age. The round head would not be out of place in the CA period, although the remaining features of the figurine are too summarily executed to allow for close dating. Cyprus Museum, Nicosia B.2614, an unpublished torso fragment, is assigned by the Museum inventory to LBA, but it may belong to IA as well. See also Falsone, G., Ugarit-Forschungen, 21 (1989), 156Google Scholar, on the chronology and diffusion of this type of statuette in the Mediterranean during the 1st millennium BC.

²² Myres, J. L., Handbook of the Cesnola Collection of Antiquities from Cyprus (New York, 1914), 141–2Google Scholar; SCE 4. 2, 98.

²³ The incisions, apparently showing armlets and a necklace, may be taken together to indicate a short-sleeved shirt. Among Cypriot bronze statuettes this would be unusual, but for examples of short-sleeved shirts on Cypriot limestone sculptures, see e.g. Myres (n. 22), 156, nos. 1046–7.

²⁴ Myres describes the r. hand as holding a flower and notes a ‘tunic with short sleeves’; neither seems to be the case.

²⁵ See Seeden, H., ‘Peace figurines from the Levant’, in Archéologie au Levant; receuil à la mémoire de Roger Saidah (Lyon, 1976), 119.Google Scholar

²⁶ e.g. SCE 2, pl. 218, nos. 1–5; SCE 3, pl. 29. no. 3.

²⁷ Seeden (n. 25), 107–21.

²⁸ Moorey and Fleming (n. 13), 78–80, with bibliography.

²⁹ Young and Young (n. 9), 202, Type A; cf. SCE 3, pls. 112; 118; 119, no. 4.

³⁰ On the gesture, see in general Collon, D., Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum: Cylinder-Seals, iii: The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (London, 1986), 165Google Scholar, with bibliography.

³¹ e.g. Seeden 122–4, nos. 1793; 1795–1801; pl. 111; Courtois, J.-C., Alasia, iii (Paris, 1984), 35, no. 310Google Scholar; 181, fig. 11.1; 220, pl. 5; 35, no. 307. Cyprus Museum, Nicosia, B.2627, c.979, and 1936.xi–2.1 (all unpublished) probably date to the LBA as well.

³² Herzog, Z., IEJ 34 (1984), 55–6Google Scholar; pl. 7 d (Tell Gerisa).

³³ See Hulin, L. C., ‘The identification of Cypriot cult figures through cross-cultural comparison: some problems’, in Peltenburg, E. J. (ed.), Early Society in Cyprus (Edinburgh, 1989), 127–39Google Scholar, with bibliography.

³⁴ Boardman, J., The Cretan Collection in Oxford (Oxford, 1961), 76Google Scholar; pl. 25, no. 371.

³⁵ SCE 4. 2, 8.

³⁶ Karageorghis suggests the helmet is Corinthian-inspired; but for a Near Eastern parallel from the Neo-Assyrian period, see Madhloom, T. A., The Chronology of Neo-Assyrian Art (London, 1970), pl. 18, no. 22.Google Scholar

³⁷ e.g. Myres (n. 22), 154–6, nos. 1045, 1047.

³⁸ For the chronology of the second Hekatompedon, see Kyrieleis, H., Führer durch das Heraion von Samos (Athens, 1981), 79.Google Scholar

³⁹ e.g. Catling (n. 11), 253–4; pl. 45 a–e; Courtois (n. 31), 35, no. 308; 181, fig. 11. 3; 219, pl. 4, no. 3.

⁴⁰ On the survival of bronze statuettes of the LBA into later periods, see Muhly, J. D., IEJ 30 (1980), 155Google Scholar; cf. Moorey and Fleming (n. 13), 74.

⁴¹ Catling (n. 11), pl. 45 a–b.

⁴² Ingholt, H., Rapport préliminaire sur sept campagnes de fouilles à Hama en Syrie (Copenhagen, 1940), 114Google Scholar; Riis, P. J., Hama, ii. 3 (Copenhagen, 1948), 113.Google Scholar

⁴³ Berndt, D., Antike Welt, 17 (1986), 18.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Woolley, C. L., JHS 58 (1938), 163CrossRefGoogle Scholar; pl. 14.

⁴⁵ Jantzen, U., Samos, viii (Bonn. 1972), 66Google Scholar; Taf. 63.

⁴⁶ Parrot, A. et al. , Les Phéniciens (Paris, 1975), 250Google Scholar; fig. 287.

⁴⁷ Schaeffer, C. F. A., Archiv für Orientforschung, 21 (1966), 65–6.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Note e.g. the inscribed stone statue (c.1500 BC) of a seated king: Orthmann, W., Da alte Orient (Berlin, 1980), pl. 402.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ The following written references to bronze statuettes that cannot now be located and dated with certainty may be noted: Hogarth, D. G., Devia Cypria (London, 1889), 28Google Scholar (Ktima, Amargeti); Myres, J. L., BSA 41 (1946), 55Google Scholar (Lefkoniko; possibly GCM 145, no. 2 = 25); SCE 4. 2, 109 (Limniti); Munro, J. A. R. and Tubbs, H. A., JHS 11 (1890), 82CrossRefGoogle Scholar n. 1 (Limniti (?): bronze arm, also mentioned in the unpublished diary of F. H. H. Guillemard, 1887, in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford under ‘Thurs., December 15th’); Collection Julien Gréau: catalogue des bronzes antiques (Paris, 1885), 171 (prov. unknown: H. c.0.090: ‘Figurine du style très primitif, le corps en colonne aplatie, le crâne pointu, les bras arrondis, avancés symmetriquement, terminés chacun par un annelet qui remplace la main. La main droite tiente une couronne.’). See also below, n. 56: and note Munro and Tubbs (above), 91–2, for two hollow-cast statuettes from Limniti.

⁵⁰ Iliffe, J. H., QDAP 5 (1935), 67Google Scholar; pl. 34, no. 1.

⁵¹ AR 24 (1977–8), 65; fig. 114.

⁵² See Lewe (n. 17), 84–92; Gaber-Saletan (n. 7), 57–62; 89–90, for discussion of chronological problems.

⁵³ Young and Young (n. 9), 200–1.

⁵⁴ Negbi, O., IEJ 14 (1964), 270–1Google Scholar; Falsone, G., ‘Anath or Astarte’, in Bonnet, C. et al. (eds.), Studia Phoenicia, iv (Namur, 1986), 53–76Google Scholar, esp. on the long, tight-fitting robe.

⁵⁵ AR (1978–9) 38; Platon, N., ‘L'exportation du cuivre de l'île de Chypre en Crète et les installations métallurgiques de la Crète minoenne’, in Acts of the International Archaeological Symposium: The Relations between Cyprus and Crete, c.2000–500 BC (Nicosia, 1979), 103Google Scholar; pl. 9, no. 2.

⁵⁶ Courtois (n. 21). 16. pl. 7 a–d; Negbi 7: 143, no. 11. pl. 4 (Louvre Museum, Paris, AM 105). This is possibly the group described in Collection Julien Gréau (n. 49), 172, no. 853. For LBA Cypriot bronze seated figures holding bowls or vessels, see e.g. Catling (n. 11), 253–4; pl. 45 d; Courtois (n. 31), 35, no. 308; 181, fig. 11. 3; 219. pl. 4. no. 3.

⁵⁷ For a similarly positioned figurine, note the description in Myres, J. L. and Ohnefalsch-Richter, M., A Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum (Oxford, 1899), 119.Google Scholar which I cannot locate: ‘Upper part of a human figure with arms raised, apparently a charioteer.’ There is also, on display at the Episkopi Museum, a small bronze figure of a male, arms outstretched, feet together, wearing a long, plain robe (unpublished); its date is uncertain.

⁵⁸ For typical Neo-Assyrian bronzes, see examples in Börker-Klähn, J., Baghd. Mitt. 6 (1973), 41–64Google Scholar. Spycket, A., La Statuaire du Proche-Orient ancien (Leiden, 1981), 375Google Scholar, may be correct in pointing out that the ‘Assyrian’ bronzes from Samos are in fact Syrian.

⁵⁹ Cf. Rolley, C., Les Bronzes grecs (Paris, 1983), 117Google Scholar; fig. 102.

⁶⁰ Karageorghis, V., Excavations in the Necropolis of Salamis, ii (London, 1970), 57, no. 1Google Scholar; pl. 111. 1.

⁶¹ Maier, F. G. and Karageorghis, V., Paphos (Nicosia, 1984), 185Google Scholar; fig. 172.

⁶² On CA sculptural styles and their relationship to Phoenician sculpture, see Markoe (n. 7), 111–22, with bibliography.

⁶³ See e.g. Moorey and Fleming (n. 13), 73–6.

⁶⁴ Schmidt, G., Samos, vii (Bonn, 1968), 93–8Google Scholar; for examples with Egyptianizing features, see Taf. 99, 103, 106–7. For modifications of Schmidt's chronological scheme, see Lewe (n. 17), 84–92. For the most recent fixed point for dating Cypriot sculptural styles, note Kyrieleis, H., ‘New Cypriot finds from the Heraion of Samos’, in Tatton-Brown, V. (ed.), Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean in the Iron Age (London, 1989), 52–67.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Markoe (n. 7), 112, suggests that the bulk of Egyptianizing limestone male statuary falls within the period of the Cypro-Greek sculptural style (520–480). But for the bronze statuary, at least, this seems untrue. Cf. also Vermeule, C. C., AJA 78 (1974), 287–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gaber-Saletan (n. 7), 89–92.

⁶⁶ See e.g. Albizatti, C., Rend. Pont. Acc. 5 (1928), 33–9.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ See also Masson 393, item b; fig. 16 (Idalion); Richter, G. M. A., Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes (New York, 1915), 56–7Google Scholar; fig. 87 = Langlotz, E., Frühgriechische Bildhauerschulen (Nuremberg, 1927), 112–13Google Scholar (Kourion).

⁶⁸ On anthropomorphic metal figurines from LBA Cyprus, see Acquare, E., ‘Bronzes’, in Moscati, S. (ed.), The Phoenicians (Milan, 1988), 422–35Google Scholar; Schiavo, F. Lo, Macnamara, E., and Vagnetti, L., PBSR 53 (1985), 51–6Google Scholar; Seeden 130–2; Negbi 142. On the difficulties of establishing continuity between the LBA and CA, see Moorey and Fleming (n. 13), 73–6.

⁶⁹ For IA examples of female bronze statuettes from the Levant, see e.g. Falsone (n. 54), 53–76.

⁷⁰ On the proportions of male to female CA terracottas at Salamis and Ayia Irini, see Monloup (n. 9), 140. The terracotta figurines in Young and Young (11. 9) are principally male.

⁷¹ Falsone (n. 54), 60.

⁷² It may be noted in passing that the three statuettes from Ayia Irini (3, 4, 30) all possess broad faces with large ears, full lips, and downward-slanting eyes; their helmets are topped by flat disks.

⁷³ Studies of the sculptural styles from Idalion have focused only on large-scale stonework of the Late Archaic. Classical, and Hellenistic periods. Gaber-Saletan (n. 7); Gaber, P., ‘Regional styles in Cypriot limestone sculpture’, in Stager, L. E. and Walker, A. M., American Expedition to Idalion, Cyprus 1973–1980 (Chicago, 1989), 398–405Google Scholar; Connelly, J. B., Votive Sculpture of Hellenistic Cyprus (Nicosia, 1988), 61–74.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ On Idalion and its copper-mining industry see F. L. Koucky and A. Steinberg, ‘Ancient mining and mineral dressing on Cyprus’, in Stager and Walker (n. 73), 275; cf. J. Waldbaum, ‘Metalwork from Idalion, 1971–1980’, 328 in the same vol. (‘… there is little or no evidence for ongoing manufacture of significant classes of metalwork’). For a copper-working site near Idalion, probably in operation by the late CA II period, see Fasnacht, W. et al. , RDAC 1989, 59–76.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ I estimate that the total number of anthropomorphic bronze statuettes currently known from LBA Cyprus is roughly the same as the number of CA statuettes catalogued above.

⁷⁶ Markoe (n. 7), 119–20, however, suggests that the large-scale Egyptianizing limestone sculptures of the Late Archaic period were dedicated principally by Phoenician immigrants who constituted a foreign élite within the island.

⁷⁷ For examples of typical Mesopotamian bronze figurines see Braun-Holzinger, E. A., Figürliche Bronzen aus Mesopotamien (München, 1984).Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Roeder, G., Ägyptische Bronzefiguren (Berlin, 1956), 248.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Matthäus, H., Metallgefässe und Gefässuntersätze der Bronzezeit, der geometrischen und archaischen Periode auf Cypern (München, 1985), 353.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ For an account of what little is known, see Spycket (n. 58), 426–30.