¹ Tzedhakis, J., ADelt xxiv (1969)Google ScholarKhronika 431.

² BCH xciii (1969) 190 and figs. 8–10; 201 n. 2.

³ P. Warren, Mrs. E. Warren, R. Heyhoe, and Miss K. Evstratiou were present throughout. J. Tzedhakis, E. Hallager, Miss B. Nilsson, and A. Viden (the last three most usefully carrying out the contour survey, FIG. 2), were present for much of the time. Three pickmen from Knossos and three local workmen were employed. The authors are most grateful to Mr. Tsiphetakis, the schoolmaster of Perivolia, for his initial help and encouragement. All the finds are in the Archaeological Museum at Khania.

⁴ We cordially thank Mr. A. Ellinger and the co-trustees of the Ellinger Trust for their generous contribution of £150 and for their interest and willing support.

⁵ The cost of the excavation, study, and preparation of the material for publication was about £330.

⁶ For a preliminary account see Tzedhakis, and Warren, , Athens Annals of Archaeology v (1972) 66–72.Google Scholar

⁷ Karo, , AA (1932) 177.Google ScholarHood, , Warren, , and Cadogan, , BSA lix (1964) 51, 58–9.Google ScholarHood, and Warren, , BSA lxi (1966) 185Google Scholar, pl. 38b. Faure, , BCH lxxxix (1965) 56–7.Google ScholarFaure, , BCH lxxx (1956) 98.Google Scholar

⁸ We learn of the fertility of the plain c. 1420 from Buon-delmonti (Cornelius, Fl., Creta Sacra (Venice, 1755. Reprinted Modena, 1971) i. 7, 90–1Google Scholar and from Lithgow c. 1610 ‘the garden of the whole universe; being the goodliest plot, the Diamondsparke, the Honey Spot of all Candy’, The Totali Discourse … (London, 1632).

⁹ Tzedhakis, , PAE (1968) 133–8 pls. 131–8.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Faure, , BCH lxxxvi (1962) 44Google Scholar; lxxxix (1965) 55 n. 3; xciii (1969) 201. Alexiou, , Kr.Khron. IZ′ (1963) 412.Google ScholarADelt xix (1964) Khronika 446, pl. 523. Hood, , BSA lx (1965) 111.Google ScholarTzedhakis, , Kr.Khron. IH′ (1964) 291Google Scholar; ΙΘ′ (1965) 297–8′; κ′ (1966) 328–30; ADelt xx (1965) Khronika 569 and pl. 719; xxii (1967) 504–6 and pl. 378; xxiii (1968) 415–16 and pls. 375 γ-δ 376.

¹¹ BCH xciii (1969) 203.

¹² We learnt much about the history of the region from a wise shepherd and friend, 77-year-old Barba Kanakis from Askyphou. His language was the rich dialect of the Sphakiots, filled with many ancient words.

¹³ (Heraklion, 1965) Map 6. Faure, , Revue Archéologique (1966) 56–7Google Scholar, 65. BCH xciii (1969), 188.

¹⁴ Readings supplied by the Greek Meteorological Office (Air Force Command, Ministry of Defence).

¹⁵ Cf. M. Wagstaff, ‘The Physical Geography of the Myrtos Region: a Preliminary Appraisal’, Appendix I in Warren, Myrtos 276, 280. O. Rackham, ‘The Vegetation of the Myrtos Region’, Appendix II in Warren, ibid. 285–6.

¹⁶ Cf. Allbaugh, L. G., Crete. A Case Study of an Under developed Area (1953) 48Google Scholar, 541 Table A84.

¹⁷ In April 1970 I observed excavation for a large well in the red alluvium of the plain about 1 km. south of the town of A. Nikolaos (Crete). At a depth of at least 4 m. several Hellenistic or Roman pots were found and taken to A. Nikolaos Museum, showing that this present deposit of red earth has formed on the plain since Roman times. Cf. the results for mainland Greece and throughout the Mediterranean in Vita-Finzi, C., The Mediterranean Valleys (1969), especially 101–20.Google Scholar Cf. also Allbaugh, op. cit. (n. 16) 47.

¹⁸ For the text of Buondelmonti see Cornelius, F., Creta Sacra (Venice, 1755) i. 91Google Scholar and Legrand, E., Description des í;les de l'Archipel, par Christophe Buondelmonti, Version grecque par un anonyme. Publications de l'École des langues orientales vivantes. Quatrième série, Tome XIV (Paris, 1897) 116.Google Scholar See 104 and 110 for further references to the abundance of cypress in Crete then (c. 1420).

¹⁹ Cf. O. Rackham in Warren, Myntos 295 (Section 5b).

²⁰ In Boschini's, M. atlas, Il Regno tutto di Candia delineato aparte, et intagliato (Venice, 1651), pl. 7Google Scholar shows many trees west of Khania between the town and Galata village, but the species is not indicated. The Gennadeion Library at Athens, in addition to having a superlative copy of Boschini, also has a priceless volume, GT 229 q, containing inter multa alia a complete set of Boschini's maps, engraved on vellum and hand-coloured. Interleaved among them are other Venetian plans of Crete. One, no. 28, is dated to 1645 and shows the siege of Canea of that year and the battle on the plain west of the town. This is a fuller and better view for our purposes than Boschini's. Again many trees are shown on the south edge of the plain and on the Debla foothills, but again too the species is not indicated.

One other clue towards the possible presence of earlier woodland is the name Debla, or sometimes or itself. Faure, , BCH xciii (1969) 190Google Scholar thought it might come from the Latin templa, indicating the later memory of round shrine buildings there. This derivation, however, is somewhat unlikely since is a Cretan word meaning a long stick for knocking down olives from trees. This suggests that such rods may originally have been drawn from trees in the region.

²¹ For the deep collar type cf. Warren, Myrtos pl. 37 (P67).

²² Cf. Mortzos, Partira pls. 8 and 40, no. 9194 (latest Neo/earliest EM). Warren, Myrtos pl. 41 (P 217) (EM IIB).

²³ Cf. Tzedhakis, , ADelt xxiii (1968) Khronika pl. 376Google Scholar, and others from Platyvola.

²⁴ Alexiou, , ADelt xix (1964) Khronika pl. 523γ.Google Scholar

²⁵ Faure, , BCH xciii (1969) 201 n. 2.Google Scholar

²⁶ Tzedhakis, PAE pl. 135α.

²⁷ Alexiou, , ADelt xix (1964) Khronika pl. 523α.Google Scholar

²⁸ Evans, , BSA lix (1964) 225.Google Scholar

²⁹ Hood, , Kr. Khron. ΙΕ′–ΙΣΤ′ i (1961–1962) 93.Google Scholar

³⁰ For the development of EM goblets in size and shape see Hood, , The Minoans (1971) 38 fig. 14.Google Scholar Large chalices very similar to the Debla fragment have been found by K. Davaras in the EM I–II cemetery at A. Photia near Siteia (material studied by P. W. with Dr. Davaras's kind permission).

³¹ Jantzen in Matz, Forschungen pls. 8, 10–13.

³² Davaras, , ADelt xxii (1967) Khronika pl. 368γ.Google Scholar

³³ Alexiou, ILN 6 Aug. 1960 fig. 20 top right. Daux, , BCH lxxxiv (1960) fig. 3 lower row.Google Scholar

³⁴ Hood, , Kr. Khron. ΙΕ′–ΙΣΤ′ i, (1961–1962) 93Google Scholar, pottery studied by P. W.

³⁵ Tzedhakis, , ADelt xxiii (1968) Khronika pl. 375δ.Google Scholar

³⁶ Tzedhakis, , ADelt xx (1965) Khronika pl. 711δ.Google Scholar

³⁷ Warren, , Athens Annals of Archaeology v (1972) 392–8Google Scholar; 394–5 for the jugs.

³⁸ Evans, , Anatolian Studies xxii (1972) 120–2 and figs. 6 and 8.Google Scholar

³⁹ Xanthoudides, VTM pl. XXVIb.

⁴⁰ Warren, Myrtos 106, 138–9.

⁴¹ See Warren, Myrtos 102–3 and 157 fig. 41 (P43–P45) for parallels.

⁴² Xanthoudides, VTM pl. XXV 4194, 4320.

⁴³ Tod, , BSA ix (1902–1903) 341 figs. 1–2.Google Scholar Mortzos, Partira pls. 1–2 (Partira), 37–8 (A. Nikolaos). There are many from Lebena Tomb II.

⁴⁴ Hood, , Kr.Khron. ΙΕ′–ΙΣΤ′ i (1961–1962) 93.Google Scholar Warren, Myrtos 102.

⁴⁵ ADelt xxii (1967) Khronika pl. 378α.

⁴⁶ Tzedhakis, , ADelt xx (1965) Khronika pl. 719β.Google ScholarADelt xxiii (1968) Khronika pl. 376β. PAE (1968) pl. 134α.

⁴⁷ Warren, Mjirtoi 107 n. 2, 269–71. Cf. Zoes, AE (1965) Table opposite p. 108. Zoes, , Der Kamares Stil. Werden und Wesen (1968) 78–9.Google Scholar Koumasa (Xanthoudides, VTM pls. I, XVIII. 4188, XXV. 4186, 4194) has several examples and the best collection with herring-bone decoration comes from Lebena Tomb II.

⁴⁸ Tzedhakis, , ADelt xxiii (1960) Khronika pl. 376α.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Tzedhakis, , ADelt xxi (1966) Khronika pl. 465δ and 466β.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Warren, Myrtos 215–16, 228–9.

⁵¹ For the use of pumice throughout the Neolithic of Knossos see Evans, J. D., BSA lix (1964) 238.Google Scholar For EM II, Warren, Myrtos 240.

⁵² M. R. Jarman in Warren, Myrtes 326–8.

⁵³ Warren, , Athens Annals of Archaeology v (1972) 393.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ van Effenterre, H. and van Effenterre, M., Mallia. Centre Politique I. L'Agora (Études Crétoises xvii) (1969) 17–21 and pls. iii–viiGoogle Scholar; xxv, 3–4; xxix.

⁵⁵ Robinson, E. S. G., Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Cyrenaica (The British Museum, London, 1927) ccxiii–ccxx and pl. xlii. 3.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Karo, , AA (1932) 177.Google Scholar Cf. Hood, , Warren, , and Cadogan, , BSA lix (1964) 73–4 and fig. 12.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ A chalice, bowl, and coarse-ware spoons, all EM I and from the settlement or the near-by cave, are exhibited in Rethymno Museum.

⁵⁸ Faure, , BCH lxxxv (1962) 43Google Scholar; lxxxix (1965) 57.

⁵⁹ The dates in the table are on the 5568 years half-life of radiocarbon. The calibration suggests only very approximate calendrical dates since it has been calculated only from the upper and lower figures of the one standard deviation by which the C-14 dates were expressed. For further details, including laboratory numbers, see Evans, J. D., Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society xxxvii (1971) 117Google Scholar, Warren, Myrtos 344–5, and Warren, ‘Radiocarbon Dating and Calibration and the Absolute Chronology of Late Neolithic and Early Minoan Crete’, Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 16 (forthcoming). For a useful recent survey of the west Cretan Neolithic see Treuil, R., ‘Les sites néolithiques de Crète occidentale’, BCH xciv (1970) 5–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶⁰ Radiocarbon dating. In view of the great desirability of obtaining Early Bronze Age dates for Crete three samples from Debla were submitted to the British Museum Research Laboratory and we are grateful to Mr. R. Burleigh for processing them. Unfortunately the results proved extremely disappointing, with large associated errors due to the very small size and inadequacy of the samples. It is proper to record the dates, together with Mr. Burleigh's comment that they cannot be regarded as a challenge tc the archaeological interpretation of the site. BM-799 anc BM-800 were slightly burnt earth from the Phase II floor deposit in Building 1, beside P12. BM-801 came from the ash level immediately above the red clay baked floor ir Building 3, 0·60 m. below the modern surface. Contextually it could have been of any date (see above, pp. 306, 316) though we hoped it would turn out to be Early Minoan It is however nineteenth-century A.D. and presumably carni from some shepherd's fire in Building 3. Therefore thii structure is as likely to be quite recent as ancient (see above pp. 316–17). Dates are on a 5570 years half-life.

BM-799 2912±700 B.P. (962±700 B.C.)

BM-800 3179±420 B.P. (1229±420 B.C.)

BM-801 131±48 B.P. (1819±48 A.D.)

Thermoluminescent dating: As with the C-14 samples, but for different reasons, it proved impossible for Mr. Burleigh to obtain a date from two Phase I pottery fragments. The difference in radioactivity between the surrounding soil and the adjacent bedrock was large, which meant in effect that the integrated radiation dose received by the pottery could not be derived, so that a TL glow-curve obtained from the pottery could not be used to provide an accurate TL date.

⁶¹ Hood, , BSA lx (1965) 112.Google Scholar

⁶² BCH xciv (1970) 20. Evans, J.D., BSA lix (1964) pl. 45, 3.Google Scholar

⁶³ Tzedhakis, , ADelt xxv (1970)Google ScholarKhronika 474–6 and pls. 415–16.

⁶⁴ Mitteilungen über Höhlen und Karstforschung (1928) Heft 4 97–107 fig. 3.

⁶⁵ Jantzen in Matz, Forschungen 1–12 and pls. 8–15.

⁶⁶ Davaras, , ADelt xxii (1967) Khronika pl. 368γ.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Treuil, , BCH xciv (1970) 18–19Google Scholar, with references. Cf. Hood, , BSA lx (1965) 112.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Jantzen, op. cit. pl. 12, E 1. Davaras, op. cit. (n. 66).

⁶⁹ BCH xciv (1970) 23–5.

⁷⁰ BCH lxxxix (1965) 57. Athens Annals of Archaeology ii (1969) 216.

⁷¹ Marinatos, , AA (1933) 296–7 and fig. 5.Google Scholar

⁷² Faure, , BCH xciii (1969) 201Google Scholar n. 2. Athens Annals of Archaeology ii (1969) 216.

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⁷⁵ Faure, , Athens Annals of Archaeology ii (1969) 213–16.Google Scholar

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⁷⁷ Tzedhakis, , ADelt xx (1965)Google ScholarKhronika pl. 712α, β.

⁷⁸ Tzedhakis, , ADelt xxii (1967)Google ScholarKhronika pl. 378δ.

⁷⁹ Tzedhakis, , ADelt xxiv (1969)Google ScholarKhronika pl. 442α.

⁸⁰ Hood, , BSA ix (1965) 108.Google Scholar

⁸¹ ADelt xx (1965) Khronika 568.

⁸² Hood, , BSA lx (1965) 108 and fig. 4 no. 3.Google Scholar

⁸³ Tzedhakis, , ADelt xx (1965)Google ScholarKhronika pl. 713 (MM I); ADelt xxiv (1969) Khronika pl. 435δ (MM I); 437α–β (MM I or II).

⁸⁴ ADelt xxi (1966) Khronika pl. 466γ (EM III).

⁸⁵ Marinatos, Mitteilungen über Höhlen und Karstforschur (1928) Heft 4 102–4 and fig. 4. Cf. Hood, , BSA lx (1965) 107Google ScholarWarren, , Minoan Stone Vases (1969) 11, 13.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Unpublished data.

⁸⁷ Hubbard, C. E., Grasses (2nd edn. 1967). Pelican Books.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ R. Alvey, personal communication.

⁸⁹ Helbaek, H., ‘Late Bronze Age and Byzantine Crops at Beycesultan in Anatolia’, Anatolian Studies xi (1961) 77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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