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MOBILITY AND METALS: INSIGHTS ON MANUFACTURING, CONSUMPTION, KNOWLEDGE AND PROCUREMENT NETWORKS AT THE BRONZE–IRON TRANSITION FROM THE KARPHI ASSEMBLAGE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2022

Saro Wallace
Saro Wallace*
Affiliation:
Gerda Henkel Stiftung 2021–3
*
sarowallace@hotmail.com
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Abstract

This paper investigates the transformative effects on technology of state collapse and related major cultural transitions in the period 1200–1000 BC (Late Bronze to Iron Age). It documents and assesses a notably large, preserved metal artefact assemblage (mainly bronze) from one of the best-known Mediterranean sites of the period. This is the large mountaintop town of Karphi, recently confirmed through excavation as occupied solely at the Bronze–Iron transition. Few other contemporary Aegean settlements sharing these characteristics of size, complexity and single-period occupation have been excavated, producing a lack of comparably informative metals assemblages. This contextual interpretative study considers in-depth knowledge of the archaeology of the site and its landscape alongside the results (published and discussed in Archaeometry in 2021) of surface HH-XRF testing on the whole assemblage. The latter is preserved in similar condition throughout, offering opportunities for broad internal alloy composition profiling by the latter method, as well as limited general compositional comparison with other assemblages from the contemporary Mediterranean. Comparisons of an interregional nature are attempted through typological, technological and contextual study of the Karphi material. In considering using this range of evidence, and considering how procurement, manufacturing technology and consumption processes around bulk metals and metal artefacts changed following state collapse, the analysis dwells on and highlights signs of locally centred, agent-driven shifts in contact, cultural and economic networks. On the basis of the full range of evidence addressed, it argues that Lasithian groups made specific, informed choices about manufacture and consumption without relying on specialised manufacture and supply from other points within Crete.

Κινητικότητα και μέταλλα. Δύκτια παραγογής, κατανάλοσης, γνόσης και προμήθειας κατά τη μετάβαση απο την Εποχή του Χαλκού στην Εποχή του Χαλκού στην Εποχη του Σιδήρου στο Αιγαίο, μέσα από τα ευρήματα του Καρφιού

Το άρθρο εξετάζει τις μετασχηματιστικές επιδράσεις που επέφερε στην τεχνολογία η κατάρρευση του κράτους και οι συναφείς κομβικές πολιτισμικές μεταβάσεων κατά την περίοδο 1200-1000 π.Χ. Τεκμηριώνει και αξιολογεί μια ιδιαίτερα μεγάλη συλλογή μετάλλινων αντικειμένων (κυρίως χάλκινων) που συλλέχθηκαν κατά την ανασκαφή μίας από τις πιο γνωστές μεσογειακές αρχαιολογικές θέσεις αυτής της περιόδου. Πρόκειται για τον μεγάλο ορεινό οικισμό του Καρφιού, για τον οποίο, πρόσφατες ανασκαφές επιβεβαίωσαν ότι κατοικήθηκε μόνο κατά την διάρκεια της μετάβασης από την Εποχή του Χαλκού στην Εποχή του Σιδήρου. Καθώς λίγοι μόνο οικισμοί αυτής της περιόδου με παρόμοια χαρακτηριστικά (μέγεθος, πολυπλοκότητα και κατοίκηση μίας φάσης) έχουν ανασκαφθεί στο Αιγαίο, δεν έχουμε στην διάθεσή μας άλλα τόσο πλήρη συγκρίσιμα σύνολα μετάλλινων αντικειμένων. Η παρούσα ερμηνευτική και συνκειμενική μελέτη των μετάλλινων ευρημάτων τα προσεγγίζει με δύο τρόπους: μέσα από την σε βάθος γνώση της αρχαιολογίας του χώρου και του τοπίου γύρω απ’ αυτόν και αξιοποιώντας τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης επιφανείας HH-XRF όλων των μετάλλινων αντικειμένων (ήδη δημοσιευμένα στο Archaeometry 2021). Ο βαθμός διατήρησης είναι ομοιόμορφος σ’ ολόκληρη την επιφάνεια των αντικειμένων προσφέροντας τη δυνατότητα να επιτευχθεί ένας ευρύς χαρακτηρισμός της σύνθεσης του κράματος στο εσωτερικό τους χρησιμοποιώντας αυτή τη μέθοδο. Επιτρέπει επίσης και κάποιες συγκρίσεις ως προς τη σύνκριση με άλλα σύγχρονα σύνολα από όλη τη Μεσόγειο. Επιπλέον, επιχειρούνται συγκρίσεις μεταξύ συνόλων από διαφορετικές περιοχές στη βάση της τυπολογικής, τεχνολογικής και συνκειμενικής μελέτης των αντικειμένων του Καρφιού. Με την εξέταση όλων αυτών των στοιχείων για το πώς η προμήθεια, η τεχνολογία κατασκευής και η χρήση των μεταλλικών υλικών και αντικειμένων άλλαξε μετά την κατάρρευση του κρατους, η παρούσα ανάλυση εστιάζει στις ενδείξεις για την ύπαρξη τοπικών και υποκινούμενων από συγκεκριμένους παράγοντες μετατοπίσεων στα επικοινωνιακά, πολιτιστικά και οικονομικά δίκτυα της εποχής. Με βάση όλα τα υπό εξέταση στοιχεία το άρθρο καταλήγει στο ότι Λασιθιώτικες ομάδες έκαναν συγκεκριμένες, συνειδητές επιλογές για την κατασκευή και κατανάλωση μεταλλικών αντικειμένων χωρίς να βασίζονται σε εξειδικευμένη παραγωγή και προμήθεια από άλλες περιοχές της Κρήτης.

Μεταφράση: Δ. Μυλωνά

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Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 117 , December 2022 , pp. 101 - 135
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Council, British School at Athens

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