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BATTLING WATER: THE FRONTIERS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AT BUTRINT (1928–2014)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 March 2017

David R. Hernandez
David R. Hernandez*
Affiliation:
University of Notre Dame
*
dhernan2@nd.edu
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Abstract

This article examines the impact of sea level (water table) on archaeological research at Butrint (Bouthrotos/Buthrotum) from 1928 to 2014. Rising relative sea levels over the past three thousand years have shaped the actions not only of its ancient inhabitants but also of its modern archaeologists, conditioning archaeological objectives, fieldwork and the interpretation of the archaeological record. Butrint's first archaeologist, Luigi M. Ugolini, considered groundwater to be a detriment to archaeological research at the site. Subsequent archaeologists have viewed it as the limit of excavation. Battling water at Butrint, archaeologists have shared a universal perception of groundwater as an enemy and thereby have overlooked one of Butrint's most important areas of archaeological research – its wetland and wet-site archaeology. The Roman Forum Excavations (RFE) Project undertook the first wet-site excavations at Butrint, reaching depths of up to four metres below the water table in stratigraphic excavations in the ancient urban centre. The results demonstrate that the ancient urban centre formed much later than is presently thought: the lower city emerged as dryland in the second half of the second century bc. Relative sea levels have increased since antiquity at many coastal regions in the Mediterranean, often submerging archaeological sites either partially or completely. Butrint is a case study that shows how sea level is inextricably tied to archaeological practice and interpretation at this major ancient Mediterranean seaport.

Αντιμέτωποι με το νερό: τα όρια των αρχαιολογικών ανασκαφών στο Βουθρωτό (1928–2014)

Το άρθρο εξετάζει την επίδραση της θαλάσσιας στάθμης (υδροφόρος ορίζοντας) στην αρχαιολογική έρευνα στο Βουθρωτό (Butrint) από το 1928 έως το 2014. Κατά τη διάρκεια των τελευταίων τριών χιλιάδων ετών, η σχετική ανύψωση της στάθμης της θάλασσας καθοδήγησε τις δραστηριότητες όχι μόνο των αρχαίων κατοίκων, αλλά και των σύγχρονων αρχαιολόγων, καθορίζοντας την αρχαιολογική στοχοθεσία, την έρευνα στο πεδίο, και την ερμηνεία των αρχαιολογικών δεδομένων. Ο πρώτος αρχαιολόγος του Βουθρωτού, ο Luigi M. Ugolini, θεωρούσε το νερό του υπεδάφους επιζήμιο για την αρχαιολογική έρευνα στη θέση. Αρχαιολόγοι που ακολούθησαν το αντιμετώπισαν ως το όριο της ανασκαφής.

Καθώς οι αρχαιολόγοι μάχονταν με το νερό, αποδέχτηκαν απο κοινού μια διεθνή αντίληψη που βλέπει το νερό του υπεδάφους σαν εχθρό και ως εκ τούτου παραμέλησαν μία από τις πλέον σημαντικές όψεις της αρχαιολογικής έρευνας στο Βουθρωτό, τον υγρότοπό του και την αρχαιολογία των υγροτόπων. Το Ανασκαφικό Πρόγραμμα της Ρωμαϊκής Αγοράς (Roman Forum Excavation Project) ανέλαβε τις πρώτες ανασκαφές υγροτόπων στο Βουθρωτό φτάνοντας σε βάθη μέχρι και τεσσάρων μέτρων υπό του υδροφόρου ορίζοντα σε στρωματογραφικές ανασκαφές στο αρχαίο αστικό κέντρο.

Τα αποτελέσματα καταδεικνύουν ότι το αρχαίο αστικό κέντρο διαμορφώθηκε πολύ αργότερα από ότι πιστεύεται: η κάτω πόλη σχηματίστηκε ως ξηρή ζώνη κατά το δέυτερο μισό του δεύτερου αιώνα π.Χ. Τα σχετικά επίπεδα της θαλάσσιας στάθμης έχουν αυξηθεί από την αρχαιότητα σε πολλές παράκτιες περιοχές της Μεσογείου, συχνά καταβυθίζοντας αρχαιολογικές θέσεις είτε μερικώς είτε ολοσχερώς. Το Βουθρωτό είναι μία περίπτωση η οποία φανερώνει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο το επίπεδο της θάλασσας είναι αναπόσπαστα δεμένο με την αρχαιολογική πρακτική και ερμηνεία σε αυτόν τον κεντρικής σημασίας αρχαίο λιμένα της Μεσογείου.

Μετάφραση: Μαρία Κοψαχείλη

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Articles
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Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 112 , November 2017 , pp. 379 - 412
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Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2017 

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