Special Abbreviations

ABAC Warren, P. and Hankey, V., Aegean Bronze Age Chronology (Bristol 1989).Google Scholar

Festòs Levi, D., Festòs e la civiltà minoica (Incunabula Graeca LX) (Roma 1976).Google Scholar

PM SirEvans, Arthur, The Palace of Minos at Knossos (London i 1921Google Scholar; ii 1928; iii 1930; iv 1935; Index 1936).

¹ Cf Betancourt, P., The History of Minoan Pottery (1985) 67, 103.Google ScholarABAC 54–60.

² The deposit was excavated in 1982, recorded and studied in 1984, when large numbers of vases were mended by the late Petros Petrakis. For previous notices see British School at Athens. Annual Report of the Managing Committee for the Session 1983–4, 23–4; ABAC 62–3. The substance of the present paper was given as a University of London Mycenaean Seminar, 17 May 1989, and at a University of Manchester Day School, 11 November 1989.

³ Warren, P.M., ‘Knossos: Stratigraphical Museum excavations, 1978–80. Part I’, AR (1980–1981) 79–92 (North House)Google Scholar; Warren, P.M., ‘The fresco of the garlands from Knossos’, in Darcque, P. and Poursat, J.-C. (eds), L'iconographie minoenne (BCH Supplement XI) (1985) 189 fig. 1 (plan of house).Google Scholar

⁴ Warren, P.M., Minoan Stone Vases (1969) type 10 B.Google Scholar

⁵ Warren, op.cit. (n.4) type 40 (tankards).

⁶ Warren, op.cit. (n.4) type 8.

⁷ Warren, op.cit. (n.4) type 30 Warren, A.P.M.. ‘Egyptian stone vessels from the city of Knossos: contributions towards Minoan economic and social structure’, ΑΡΙΑΔΝΗ 5 (1989)Google Scholar ᾿Αφιὲρωμα στὸν Στυλιανὸ ᾿Αλεξὶου 1–9, at 5 (82/1779), fig. 3 and pl. 12.

⁸ ABAC 135–40.

⁹ Betancourt, P.P.. ‘Dating the Aegean Late Bronze Age with radiocarbon’. Archaeometry 29 (1987) 45–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar, especially 47. Table 1. Michael, H.N. and Betancourt, P.P.. ‘The Thera eruption: II. Further arguments for an early date’, Archaeometry 30 (1988) 169–75.Google ScholarManning, S.W.. ‘The Bronze Age eruption of Thera: absolute dating, Aegean chronology and Mediterranean cultural interrelations’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 1 (1988) 17–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ S.W. Manning, The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age: the Evidence of Archaeology and Radiocarbon Dating (B.A.R. International Series, forthcoming). Appendix 7 n.20. Note that in this Appendix Dr Manning withdraws his previous adherence to both the ice core and the tree ring evidence for a 17th century B.C. date for the Theran eruption. He now relies wholly on radiocarbon dates. For recent work warning against the reliability of radiocarbon dates, because of significant interlaboratory variability in sample dating see Scott, E.M., Baxter, M.S., Harkness, D.D., Aitchison, T.C. and Cook, G.T., ‘Radiocarbon: present and future perspectives on quality assurance’. Antiquity 64 (1990) 319–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹¹ Popham, M.R.. The Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (BSA Supplementary Volume 17) (1984).Google Scholar

¹² Popham, op.cit. (n.11) 153–8 and pls. 128–9, 132a–c, 141–2 and 144–5, ‘earlier stage’.

¹³ PM i 317–9, 552–611; ii 296–311.

¹⁴ PM i 568–71. Popham, M.R., ‘Notes from Knossos, Part I’ BSA 72 (1977) 185–95.Google Scholar

¹⁵ PM i 578–9 and figs. 418–22, 443.

¹⁶ PM i 595.

¹⁷ MacGillivray, J.A., ‘Cycladic jars from Middle Minoan III contexts at Knossos’ in Hägg, R. and Marinatos, N. (eds), The Minoan Thalassocracy. Myth and Reality (1984) 153–8Google Scholar, at 155 and fig. 4. PM ii 669–70, 672, 674 and fig. 427 (plan).

¹⁸ The excavations were directed by Mr M.S.F. Hood for the British School. The evidence was reported by Dr Macdonald in the discussion of the present paper at the University of London Mycenaean Seminar, 17 May 1989.

¹⁹ PM i 595–6 and fig. 437.

²⁰ PM i 595; ii 549–50 and fig. 349. Popham, M.R., ‘Late Minoan pottery, a summary’, BSA 62 (1967) 337–51, at 339 and pl. 76a–g.Google Scholar

²¹ See n.19.

²² Festòs pl. 211e, g; LXXXII, c, f.

²³ Catling, H.W., Catling, E.A. and Smyth, D., ‘Knossos 1975: Middle Minoan III and Late Minoan I houses by the Acropolis’, BSA 74 (1979) 1–80.Google Scholar

²⁴ Information kindly given by the excavtor, Dr E. Sakellarakis, in discussion of the present paper at the University of Manchester Day School, 11 November 1989.

Since the pottery of the Arkhanes: Anemospelia temple site is somewhat different, lacking dark on light decorated ware, I agree with the excavators, Professor J. and Dr E. Sakellarakis, that it marks a destruction somewhat earlier in MM III and I withdraw the suggested correlation with the MM III B–LM I A transition (ABAC 63). But the link there proposed of Anemospelia with Knossos: Acropolis deposit B, itself earlier than deposits C and D and the MM III B–LM I A transition, may be reaffirmed. Some of the illustrated Anemospelia vases look quite advanced and reminiscent of the (later) Temple Repositories. Later MM III may therefore be the position of these two groups (Anemospelia and Knossos deposit B). Note that MM III as a whole may have been a relatively short period (ABAC 60).

²⁵ D'Agata, A.L., ‘Some MM III B/LM I A pottery from Haghia Triada’, in Laffineur, R. (ed), Transition. Le monde égéen du bronze moyen au bronze récent (Aegaeum 3) (1989) 93–8 and pls. XIX–XXII.Google Scholar

²⁶ Festòs 237–81, 489–505 and pls. 183–223, LXXVI–LXXXIV. F. Carinci, ‘The “III fase protopalaziale” at Phaestos. Some observations’, in Laffineur. op.cit. (n.25) 72–80.

²⁷ Festòs 499. 501 and pl. 212r (vano XCIII).

²⁸ Festòs pl. LXXVIII.

²⁹ Y (= J) Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki, E., ‘Drama of death in a Minoan temple’, National Geographic 159, no. 2 (1981) 204–22Google Scholar, col. pl. at p. 212; PAE (1979) 369–72. figs. 4–5 and pl. 181. The polychrome crocuses within white spirals and the white foliate band on this remarkable vessel link it closely to two more vases of Phaistos phase III, Festòs pl. LXXXIVc, a (alabastronrhyton and jug).

³⁰ Festòs pls. LXVII (olives). LXXXIIIa and LXXXIVc (crocuses), LXXVTII (goat), LXXIX (dolphin, shells).

³¹ This conclusion, which the evidence of Aghia Triadha has made possible, modifies the position taken in ABAC 58–61, where Phaistos phase III and the contemporary Kommos deposits (see text) were considered part of the MM III B–I.M I A transition.

³² ABAC 63–4, with references to Kommos preliminary reports.

³³ Shaw, Kommos J., ‘Excavations at Kommos (Crete) during 1981’, Hesperia 51 (1982) 164–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 173 fig. 4 and pl. 52d. Phaistos, Festòs pl. LXXXIVd.

³⁴ Pelon, O., Fouilles exécutées à Mallia. Exploration des maisons et quartiers d'habitation (1963–1966). III. Études Crétoises 16 (1970) 55–6, 58–9, 61–5, 69, 161, 168 and pls. XIII 3Google Scholar; XIII 4f–k; XLI 1–7.

³⁵ van Effenterre, H. and van Effenterre, M., Fouilles exécutées à Mallia. Le centre politique. I. L'Agora. Études Crétoises 17 (1969) 114–32 and pls. LXIII–IV. LXVI (pottery, excluding Λ 59).Google Scholar

³⁶ Hawes, H. Boyd, Gournia (1908) 24. 38 and pls. VI 5, 35, 36 and VII 19 (from D 29)Google Scholar; VII 2, 5 (D 30 or 31). ABAC 64.

³⁷ Boyd Hawes, op.cit. (n.36) pl. VII 2. Dawkins, R.M., ‘Excavations at Palaikastro IV’, BSA 11 (1904–1905) 258–92, at fig 6b.Google Scholar

³⁸ ABAC 75–8. The new excavations at Palaikastro are providing increasing and quite substantial evidence for a destruction at the MM III B–LM I A transition. See MacGillivray, J.A. et al. , BSA 84 (1989) 419Google Scholar, with reference to BSA 83 (1988) 261 and fig. 3 (where the pottery was called early LM I A); fuller evidence was brought to light in the 1990 excavations, with material from destruction deposits in Area 6 and squares ET and EU 89 (information kindly provided by Prof. MacGillivray). Some of the pottery is closely paralleled in the Knossos Stratigraphical Museum deposit.

³⁹ Marthari, M.. ‘The destruction of the town at Akrotiri. Thera. at the beginning of LC I: definition and chronology’. in MacGillivray, J.A. and Barber, R.L.N. (eds). The Prehistoric Cyclades. Contributions to a Workshop on Cyeladic Chronology (1984) 119–33.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ ABAC 65–6.

⁴¹ Barber, R.L.N.. ‘The Cyclades in the Middle Bronze Age’, in Doumas, C. (ed). Thera and the Aegean World I (1978) 367–79. at 377Google Scholar: ‘The definition of the Middle Cycladic period’. AJA 87 (1983) 76–9. at 77.

⁴² C. Renfrew. ‘Phylakopi and the Late Bronze I period in the Cyclades’. in Doumas. op. cit. (n.41) 403–21. at 407.

⁴³ In discussion of the present paper at the University of London Mycenaean Seminar. 17 May 1989.

⁴⁴ ABAC 67. with reference to J.L. Caskey's preliminary reports.

⁴⁵ Cummer, W.W. and Schofield, E.. Keos III. Ayia Irini House A (1984) 83–7 and pls. 61–5.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Cummer and Schofield take the S-profile cups with solid centre spirals (Cummer and Schofield, op.cit. (n.45) 84 and pl. 62h, k–q) as ‘probably all Mycenaean’. The parallels in the Knossos S.M. site material now suggest that, like other pieces from the room 18 deposit, they may be Minoan.

⁴⁷ Cummer and Schofield, op.cit. (n.45) 86.

⁴⁸ Coldstream, J.N. in Coldstream, J.N. and Huxley, G.L. (eds), Kythera (1972) 98–120.Google ScholarABAC 61.

⁴⁹ Rutter, J.B. and Rutter, S.H., The Transition to Mycenaean. A stratified Middle Helladic II to Late Heltadic II A Pottery Sequence from Ayios Stephanos in Lakonia (Monumenta Archaeologica 4) (1976) 45–6 and pl. VIII figs. 15–6.Google Scholar