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The Seals and Sealings from the Citadel House Area: A Study in Mycenaean Glyptic and Iconography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 September 2013
Extract
The excavations in the Citadel House area have produced an appreciable number of seals and sealings, of which the importance is increased by the late contexts (LH IIIB 1 or 2, LH IIIC), in which the majority of them were found.
Of the eighteen objects discussed here, four are complete seals (nos. 1–3, 5), one is an unfinished seal (no. 4), five are broken beads probably used as seals (nos. 6–10), and eight are sealings (nos. 11–18), of very unequal state of preservation and importance. Four of the latter (nos. 11, 14, 15, 17), are of really fine workmanship and of considerable iconographical interest. Not only are their subjects clearly recognizable, but they are also worth a closer study and discussion, because of their unusual arrangement and the presence of some unexpected details.
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- Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 1974
References
Acknowledgements. I should like to thank W. Taylour for giving me permission to publish the material discussed in this article, and H. W. Catling for much help and advice, and J. Boardman equally.
Dr. Ingo Pini generously gave permission for unpublished photographs of nos. 1–5 (seals), and of nos. 11, 14, 15, 17 (sealings), made for a forthcoming volume of CMS, to be reproduced here. The seals and sealings were photographed by Mr. Herbert Tessmann, the plasticine impressions by Dr. Pini. The drawings were made by Mrs. Alice Fäthke.
Nos. 6–10 (beads—probably unfinished seals), and nos. 12, 13, 16 (sealings) are reproduced from drawings made by Miss Daphne Hart. The sole interest of these poorly preserved objects is technical. No photograph of no. 18 (sealing) has been included here because of its extremely bad state of preservation.
Thanks are also due to Mr. John Younger and Mrs. Helen Hughes-Brock for discussions and suggestions, to Mr. J. C van Leuven for discussions particularly concerning the interpretation of the material, to Mrs. Elisabeth French, to the Ephor of the Argolid Mrs. E. Protonotariou-Deilaki, and the staff of the Nauplia Museum for their assistance during the study of the material.
1 For a very good account of some types of stone, see Warren, P., Minoan Stone Vases (Cambridge, 1969) 124–43.Google Scholar
2 Kenna, V. E. G., Cretan Seals (Oxford, 1960)Google Scholar (hereafter CS) 30. Examples of this shape on Minoan seals: pl. 8 nos. 198–203; pl. 9 nos. 204, 205, 226–31. Also CMS i nos. 438, 447. 455. 496.
3 CMS i nos. 9–11.
4 Ibid., no. 293.
5 Boardman, J., Greek Gems and Finger Rings (London, 1970)Google Scholar (hereafter GGFR) 55, 57.
6 CMS i nos. 139, 198, 199, 207, 213, 269, 271, 288.
7 Ibid., nos. 200, 201.
8 Ibid., no. 253.
9 CS K116, 104, pl. 6.
10 Ibid. K228, 123, pl. 9.
11 Ibid. 123.
12 Ibid. K251, 126, pl. 10.
13 On plants and flowers in Mycenaean glyptic see Sakellariou, A., Mykenaïke Sphragidoglyphia (Athens, 1966) 31–5Google Scholar (hereafter Sakellariou 1966); also Sakellariou, , Die mykenische Siegelglyptik, SMA ix (Lund, 1964) 5Google Scholar (hereafter Sakellariou 1964).
14 An isolated plant occurs on a seal from Argos (CMS i no. 205), but there it is clearly decorative and its shape is totally unrelated to that of no. 1.
15 CMS i no. 59.
16 Ibid., no. 90.
17 Ibid., nos. 272, 387.
18 Ibid., nos. 399, 495.
19 Ibid., no. 404.
20 Ibid., no. 394.
21 Ibid., nos. 275, 281.
22 Ibid., no. 276.
23 Ibid., no. 366.
24 CMS vii no. 194.
25 CS 44–5. Examples of these seals: CMS ii 1 nos. 160, 281, 284, 367; CMS viii, no. 58 (two plants, two squids), nos. 118, 134; CMS xii, nos. 156, 206 (beetle and vegetable sprays), 163, 170 (beaked ewer and vegetable sprays), 173 (beetle and crustacean and curved branch), 180 (palm). Compare also CMS iv nos. 163, 165 (jug, branches, talismanic marks, two vegetable sprays), 175, 177, 183 (vegetable spray and jug), 196 (talismanic sepia with two branches), 203 (two talismanic fronds with inverted vegetable sprays between them), 234 (with ivy leaves), 236 (bucranium between two branches), 242 (talismanic jug, ivy leaf, branch), 244 (bird, branch, fronds). Compare also similar combinations in CS: no. 112 pl. 5; nos. 179, 180 pl. 8.
26 Kenna, V. E. G., The Cretan Talismanic Stone in the Late Minoan Age, SMA xxiv (Lund, 1969) 24–5.Google Scholar
27 See Neuburg, F., Ancient Glass (London, 1962) 18–19.Google Scholar On glass in general: Glass in Antiquity (London, 1949) by the same author. On Mycenaean glass: Haevernick, T., ‘Mycenaean Glass’, Archaeology xvi (1963) 190.Google Scholar
Microscopic examination (X 63) revealed the presence of long sausage-shaped bubbles in the glass, all orientated in the same direction. Probably mould-made and split in the middle, when the hole was made, and cut down from the edge. On the right at the back is a small ridge probably made with the tool used to spread the glass. Slight chip underneath. The two halves are clearly divided in the middle, with a very slight hollow on either side. The method of manufacture is obscure. Probably when the string-hole was made, the hot glass was folded together in such a way as to produce this sort of crack (mishap in manufacture). The back is not entirely smooth. It was worked with a flat tool, but no marks are identifiable. (Information kindly provided by Mrs. Helen Hughes-Brock.)
Kenna CS 77. Sir Arthur Evans, PM iv 595 fig. 590.
29 CS K360–2. The very close dating of some seals in Oxford is given by V. E. G. Kenna in his letter to the editor of Nestor, 1 Mar. 1973, 829–30, attempting a greater accuracy in the chronological placing of some pieces. I believe that both stylistic and compositional criteria allow for a rather wide chronological range, and although desirable it is almost impossible to date seals very closely.
30 Ibid. K359.
31 ibid. K363.
32 Ibid. K364.
33 Herakleion 582 from Palaikastro; 697 from Knossos; 181 from Phaistos, mentioned by Kenna, CS 66 n. 1.
34 CMS inos. 37, 111, 118, 148, 212, 283.
35 Ibid., nos. 40, 49, 72, 78.
36 Ibid., nos. 100, 286.
37 Ibid., no. 146.
38 Ibid., no. 213.
39 CMS vii no. 194.
40 Sakellariou 1966, 7–8, also 7 n. 1.
41 CMS i passim.
42 Ibid., nos. 52, 57, 88, III.
43 Ibid., no. 495.
44 Ibid., no. 487.
45 CMS vii no. 155.
46 CS K238, pl. 10.
47 Ibid. 59 fig. 125.
48 Ibid. 59 fig. 126
49 Ibid. K79, pl. 18.
50 On these representations see Deonna, W., ‘Les lions attachés à la colonne’, RA xxix–xxx (1948 Mélanges Charles Picard) 238–308Google Scholar; also SirEvans, Arthur, Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult (London, 1901) 55–65.Google Scholar On the interpretation of the column with a single animal or an antithetic group see in particular M. P. Nilsson, Minoan-Mycenaean Religion 2 250–5.
51 CMS i nos. 24, 38, 58, 122; CMS vii nos. 200, 250; also Xenaki-Sakellariou, A., ‘Les cachets minoens de la collection Giamalakis’, Études Crétoises (Paris, 1958. Hereafter Sakellariou 1958), no. 171 pl. 22.Google Scholar
52 e.g. CMS i nos. 76, 373, 387; also GGFR pl. 187.
53 e.g. CMS i nos. 242, 355, 404; CMS vii no. 204; CMS xii no. 195; E. Brandt, Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen i, München (hereafter AGDS i, München), no. 27 pl. 8; CS no. K263, pl. 10.
54 e.g. CMS i nos. 56, 272, 405, 502, 504, 505; CMS vii no. 168; Sakellariou 1958, no. 261 pl. 9; AGDS i, München, nos. 26, 64, pl. 8.
55 e.g. CMS i nos. 5, 122, 281; AGDS i, München, nos. 48, 24 pl. 16; also Sakellariou 1958 no. 37 pl. 24.
56 e.g. CMS i nos. 184, 272.
57 e.g. CMS i nos. 366, 394; CMS vii no. 151; CS no. 22P pl. 18.
58 e.g. CMS i nos. 61, 367; CMS vii nos. 113, 162; CMS xii nos. 248, 272; E. Zwierlein-Diehl, Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen ii, Berlin (hereafter AGDS ii Berlin) no. 44 pl. 11; CS no. 18P pl. 18.
59 AGDS i München no. 48 pl. 6.
60 CMS vii no. 270; CMS xii no. 252; CS no. 19p pl. 18; CMS ii 5 nos. 253, 255, 256, 261–3, 265.
61 e.g. CMS vii nos. 167, 189, 239, 247; CMS viii no. 129; CMS xii no. 195; CS no. 201 pl. 8 (cf. GGFR pl. 57), no. 20P pl. 18, AGDS i, München no. 35 pl. 5, no. 78 pl. 9.
62 CMS ii 5, nos. 270, 272, 274, 276, 277. AGDS ii, Berlin nos. 40, 40A pl. 10.
63 e.g. CMS vii no. 205; CMS ii 5 no. 285; CS no. 21P pl. 18.
64 CMS ii. 5 no. 287.
65 Ibid. no. 294.
66 For a discussion of the style see Biesantz, H., Kretisch-mykenische Siegelbilder (Marburg, 1954) ivGoogle Scholar, Der Stil und seine Entwicklung 52 ff. (esp. 73–4) (hereafter Biesantz, Siegelbilder). Examples of these late seals: CMS i nos. 31, 32, 38, 25. 27, 178, 210, 295, 391, 395, 398–400, 403, 407.
67 GGFR 60.
68 CS 77.
69 On the composition of groups of animals see Sakel-Iariou 1966, 91–5.
70 Biesantz, Siegelbilder 73–4.
71 CMS i no. 105.
72 Ibid., no. 411.
73 CMS vii no. 186.
74 CMS i no. 48.
75 Ibid., no. 403.
76 AGDS i, München no. 82, 29 pl. 9.
77 Levi, Doro, ‘Le cretule di Haghia Triada e di Zakro’ ASAtene viii–ix (1925–1926, hereafter ASAtene) no. 58 fig. 79 pl. 11.Google Scholar
78 AGDS i, München no. 38 pl. 5.
79 Vollenweider, Marie-Louise, Genève: Catalogue raisonné des sceaux, cylindres, intailles i (Genève, 1967, hereafter Genève: Catalogue) nos. 7, 8, 146 pl. 75.Google Scholar
80 CS K 313 pl. 12.
81 AGDS ii, Berlin, no. 48, 37 pl. 13.
82 Betts, J. H., ‘Some Unpublished Knossos Sealings and Sealstones’, BSA lxiii (1967) 27 ff.Google Scholar; the sealing: 40 no. 43.
83 AGDS i, München, no. 54, 25 pl. 7.
84 CS K 383 pl. 15.
85 CMS i no. 488.
86 CMS vii no. 100.
87 Xenaki-Sakellariou, A., ‘Les cachets minoens de la collection Giamalakis’, Études Crétoises x (Paris, 1958, = Sakellariou 1958), nos. 294, 295, 44 pl. xxvi.Google Scholar
88 CS K 36 pl. 14.
89 ASAtene no. 135 fig. 149 pl. 7.
90 Sakellariou 1958, no. 288, 43 pl. xxv; no. 308, 47–8 pl. xxv.
91 CS no. 12P pl. 18.
92 CMS i no. 183.
93 CMS vii nos. 185, 191.
94 CMS i nos. 66, 113.
95 CMS i no. 346.
96 Sakellariou 1966, 91 pl. 14b.
97 CMS vii no. 179.
98 ASAtene no. 81, 161 fig. 71 pl. 15.
99 Sakellariou 1958, no. 338, 43 pl. xii, xxvi.
100 CS K292 pl. 11.
101 Ibid., no. 336 pl. 13.
102 GGFR pl. 180.
103 CMS i nos. 297, 347.
104 CMS i nos. 117, 124, 187, 352, 382, 385. CMS vii nos. 172, 186; CS K 316 pl. 12, K.334, pl. 13. Sakellariou 1958 nos. 190 pl. vii, 296, pl. xxv.
105 e.g. CMS i no. 215; GGFR 108 pl. 87 (cf. CS 300 pl. 12); Sakellarakis, J., AAA v (1972) 409 figs. 18, 19.Google Scholar
106 CMS vii no. 89 (four ibexes).
107 Goats and similar animals, e.g. CMS i nos. 50, 72, 79, 262, 348, 349, 362, 386; CMS xii no. 241; AGDS i, München nos. 49, 50, 37 pl. 13;
Bulls, e.g. CMS i no. 69, 109, 155, 197, 240, 241, 318; CMS viii no. 127; ASAtene viii no. 57 fig. 78 pl. xl; no. 59 fig. 80 pl. viii; CS K312 pl. 12 (cf. GGFR pl. 136; AGDS ii, Berlin nos. 45, 45A, 35–6 pl. 12).
Calves, CMS vii nos. 8g, 103, 116. CMS viii no. 140, CMS xii no. 263; CS no. 296 pl. 11 (cf. GGFR no. 333, 88 pl. 13).
Ibexes, CMS i nos. 45, 93, 193; CMS vii no. 98.
Horned sheep, CS K309 pl. 12 (with man).
Bovids, CMS i nos. 267, 275, 276; Sakellariou 1958 no. 292 pl. viii; CS K311 pl. 12 (cf. GGFR pl. 105).
Lions, CMS i nos. 71, 280; CS K329 pl. 13 (cf. GGFR pl. 121). Pigs, Sakellariou 1958 no. 302 pl. viii.
The group occurs also with deer, Genève, Catalogue pls. 75 nos. 1, 6; 78 nos. 5, 9.
108 Lion and ibex, CMS i no. 115; AGDS ii, Berlin no. 42 pl. 11. Bull and lion, Sakellariou 1958 no. 291 pl. xxv; CS K318. 12 (cf. GGFR pl. 111).
109 On lions in general, Sakellariou 1966, 4 fr. and 53–7 (fight between animals); also CS 53–4 (the attack motif on LM I seals).
110 CMS i passim.
111 CMS i nos. 43, 84, 217, 238, 287, 358; CMS vii nos. 114, 137.
112 e.g. CMS i nos. 249, 250; CMS vii nos. 90, 238.
113 e.g. CMS i nos. 78, 106.
114 e.g. CMS i no. 277.
115 Bull, e.g. CMS i nos. 36, 70, 185, 204, 251, 252, 310, 384; CMS vii no. 260; cow, e.g. CMS vii no. 115; bovid, e.g. CMS i nos. 288, 368; goat, e.g. CMS i, no. 117 (two lions attacking); wild goat, e.g. CMS i no. 193; calf, e.g. i no. 278; rams, e.g. CMS i no. 103 (two animal groups in reverse position); fallow deer, e.g. CMS vii no. 159 (with dog).
116 See below, pp. 267 ff.
117 Sakellarakis, I. A., ‘To proschedion tes sphragidos CMS i 220 ek Vapheiou’, AE 1972, 234–44 (esp. 237–42) pls. 88–94.Google Scholar
118 Ibid. 238; Dessenne, A., ‘Mallia. Recherches dans les quartiers d'habitation’, BCH lxxxi (1957) 693–5 fig 10–14.Google Scholar
119 Ibid., n. 118 nos. 1–2, 237–8.
120 Ibid., pl. 89, 238.
121 Ibid. 238–40 pls. 90 a–g, d–z.
123 Compare, e.g., CMS i nos. 13, 15, 41, 272, 320, 324, 497–501; CMS vii nos. 67, 138, 175, 243, 262 (deer only); CMS i nos. 124, 363, 412 (deer with other animals); the gems from Pylos, Marinatos, , Ergon 1963, 84 fig. 86.Google Scholar
124 Ibid.
125 Sakellariou 1966, 59 n. 55.
126 CMS i nos. 79,82.
127 AGDS i, München no. 45 pl. 6.
128 Loc. cit. n. 66 above.
129 CMS i passim.
130 e.g. CMS i nos. 3, 22, 29, 33, 40, 43, 65, 84, 138, 157, 174, 176, 178, 196, 203, 209, 210, 248, 249, 256, 295, 296, 300, 392, 397, 399, 485; CMS iv nos. 198, 199, 203–7, 209–12, 214–17, 219–32, 235, 237–43; CMS vii nos. 63, 140, 192, 237, 256, 258. No. 253 is worn almost to a figure-of-eight shape, the irregularity of which makes its shape similar to that of 68–1545. Nos. 271–83 also have an irregular figure-of-eight shape. Notice also nos. 284–95, 299–305, 308, 311, 312. Part of no. 312 is lost by fracture, making almost a figure-of-eight shape. Compare also nos. 313, 318, 320–4. These beads were added to the list of seals and seaiings by Mrs. Helen Hughes-Brock, who kindly provided the technical information about them.
131 For sealings countermarked with graffito signatures and arrow marks compare clay sealings from chests containing arrows from the ‘Armoury Deposit’in Knossos. In PM iv 616–19 rigs. 603–4 are countermarked with graffito signs of Linear B. Compare also PM iii 231 fig. 163, a clay sealing from the Fifth Magazine, at Knossos. For counter-marked sealings from Haghia Triada compare also ASAtene viii–ix 73–85. For countermarked sealings from Pylos see Lang, M. in AJA 1959 pl. 30Google Scholar (Wr. 1360) and AJA 1960 pl. 44 (Wr. 1374). Compare also CMS i nos. 308, 361.
132 CMS i no. 163.
133 CMS i no. 356.
134 CMS viii no. 147.
135 Ibid., n. 66.
136 When originally catalogued, it was thought that traces of a female figure and of a tree or shrine could be distinguished. There is in fact no trace of such a composition on the sealing.
137 Sakellariou 1966, 71.
138 Sakellarakis, I. A., ‘To thema tes pherouses zoon gynaikos eis ten Kretomykenaïken sphragidoglyphian’, AE 1972, 245 ff. pls. 94–8.Google Scholar
139 CMS i no. 379.
140 Ibid., no. 344.
141 Found with nos. 68–622, 68–623, 68–624 (gold and glass paste).
142 For griffins in unusual postures compare nos. 68–628, 68–722, 69–38, 69–204, which are glass ornaments to be published by Helen Hughes-Brock.
143 Delplace, Christiane, ‘Le griffon crétomycénien’, L'Antiquité classique xxxvi (1967) 49 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar (esp. 64–5); on griffins attacking other animals, ibid. 62 ff.
144 D. Levi, ASAtene no. 182 fig. 220 pl. xviii.
145 CS no. 342, 137 pl. 13.
146 BM no. 37; CMS vii no. 116.
147 Shear, T. L., ‘The Campaign of 1939’, Hesperia 1940, 283 ff.Google Scholar figs. 27–9; also ‘Discoveries in the Agora in 1939’, AJA xliii (1939) 581 ff.
148 CMS i no. 206; sealing from Pylos, , CMS i no. 324.Google Scholar
149 Marinatos, S. and Hirmer, M., Crete and Mycenae (London, 1960; hereafter Crete and Mycenae) pls. xxviii–xxx.Google Scholar
150 CMS i no. 80.
151 CS no. 202 pl. 8; cf. GGFR pl. 58.
152 PM ii. 585; iii. 223 ff.
153 Pernier, L., ‘Teatro a arena nel Palazzo di Festo all'epoca di Minosse’, Dioniso iii (1933) fase. 5–6.Google Scholar
154 Graham, J. W., ‘The Centrai Court as the Minoan Bull Ring’, AJA lxi (1957) 255 ff. pls. 76–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also The Palaces of Crete (Princeton 1962) passim. Ward, A., ‘The Cretan Bull Sports’, Antiquity xlii (1968) 117 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar identifies the rectangular object on the gem in Oxford as an altar.
155 Platon, N., ‘Peri to problema ton choron ton Minoikon tauromachion’, in Kernos (Thessaloniki) 1972, 134 ff.Google Scholar
156 PM iii, 205, 450; ibid. iv. 23; Müller, V., Jdl xlii (1927) 29.Google Scholar
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158 See Fabri, , ‘The Cretan Bull-grappling Sports and the Bull Sacrifice in the Indus Valley Civilisation’, in Archaeological Survey of India for the year 1934–1935, edited by Blackiston, J. (Delhi, 1937).Google Scholar He distinguishes three types in both the Minoan and the Indian Sports: the capture of the bull, the bull-leaping, and the sacrifice of the bull. On the different character of Minoan bull-leaping see in particular Malten, loc. cit. n. 157 above.
159 On the religious significance of bull games see Hall, , Aegean Archaeology (1905) 153Google Scholar; Karo, G., Jdl xxvi (1911) 270Google Scholar; Rodenwaldt, , Tiryns ii. 93Google Scholar; Dussaud, R., Les civilisations préhelléniques (1914) 395Google Scholar; Cook, A. B., Zeus i. 498Google Scholar; PM i. 190, 431, 447, 528, 691, 721; ii. 35, 676; Müller, K., ‘Frühgriechische Reliefs’, Jdl xxx (1915) 247Google Scholar: V. Müller, loc. cit. 29 n. 157; Picard, , Les religions préhelléniques (1948) 143 fr.Google Scholar; Malten loc. cit. 136–7 n. 157; Persson, A., The Religion of Greece in Prehistoric Times (1948) 91 ff.Google Scholar; Deonna, Le symbolisme de l'acrobacie antique 96 ff.; A. Ward, loc. cit. n. 154 above. A good general discussion from a different view point is to be found in Evans, J. D., Cretan Cattle Cults and Bull Sports, Occasional Paper 18 of the Royal Anthropological Institute (1963) 138 ff.Google Scholar
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161 Nilsson, M.MMR 2 (1950) 374.Google Scholar
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163 PM iii. 209 ff. Diagrammatic sketch of acrobat's course ibid. 223 fig. 156.
164 (a) Sakellariou 1958, 85 ff.; (b) Sakellariou 1966, 57 ff.
165 The list is in Sakellariou 1958, 85–6. No. 18 is now CMS vii no. 108; no. 20 is CMS i 1 no. 152; nos. 21, 22 are CMS i nos. 200, 201; no. 23 is CS no. 209 pl. 9; no. 25 is CMS i no. 82.
166 CMS i nos. 82, 152.
167 Ibid., nos. 305, 370.
168 Sakellariou 1958, 87 and Sakellariou 1966, 58; no. 2 is GGFR pl. 92; no. 5 is CMS i no. 7g; no. 7 is CMS vii no. 108; nos. 8–11 are CS 246, 248, 24g, 341. The scene on the gem from Dimini, CMS i no. 408, also belongs to this type.
169 Tamvaki, A., ‘A Late Minoan seal in the N. Metaxas Collection’, AAA vi (1973) 308 ff.Google Scholar
170 CMS vii no. 257.
171 Biesantz, H., AA 1959, 106 fig. 25.Google Scholar
172 AGDS i, München, no. 45 pl. 6.
173 Gem in New York, CMS xii no. 284.
173 Sakellariou 1958, 87.
174 Ibid. 87–9.
175 CMS i nos. 95, 137, 342; PM iii fig. 162.
176 CMS i no. 274.
177 CMS i no. 199.
178 Crete and Mycenae pl. 107.
179 PA iii. 231 fig. 61 pl. xix.
180 Rodenwaldt, G., Tiryns ii (1912) pl. xviii.Google Scholar
181 Furtwängler-Loeschke, Mykenische Vasen no. 424 pl. xli.
182 Meyer, loc. cit. n. 160 above, 80.
183 Crete and Mycenae pl. xviii.
184 CS no. 246 pl. 10.
185 CS no. 300 pl. 12 (GGER pl. 108).
186 (a) AGDS ii, Berlin no. 22 pl. 6; (b) CS no. 242 pl. 10.
187 CS no. 320 pl. 12; cf. GGFR pl. 122.
188 Crete and Mycenae pls. 178–85.
189 S. Alexiou, Hysterominoïkoi taphoi Katsampa Knosou,pl. 33.
190 CS no. 247.
191 Ibid., no. 208, 11g pl. 9.
192 Ibid., no. 209, 120 pl. 9.
193 Ibid., no. 226 pl. 9.
194 Ibid., no. 249, 125 pl. 10.
195 CMS i no. 314.
196 Tzedakis, J., ‘Larnakes hysterominoïkou nekrotapheiou Armenon Rethymnes’, AAA iv (1971) 216 ff.Google Scholar, colour pl. iii. 1–3, figs. 4–6.
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195 Ibid., colour pl. iii. 3 fig. 4.
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201 Op. cit. n. 197 above, figs. 15–17.
202 See above p. 269.
203 For Early Oriental cylinders see H. Frankfort, Cylinder Seals, esp. pls. X i, XIVd, XIVg; Delaporte, Catalogue des cylindres orientales du Louvre, pl. 29 nos. 6—16; pl. 30 nos. 416, 419–22, 425–8; Ward, The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia 141–9; E. Porada, Corpus of Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections (Bollingen Series XIV), i (Plates); D. J. Wiseman, The Cylinder Seals of Western Asia (London); Weber, O., Altorientalische Siegelbilder ii (Leipzig, 1920)Google Scholar; Buchanan, B., Catalogue of Ancient and Near Eastern Seals in the Ashmolean Museum, i, Cylinder Seals (Oxford, 1966).Google Scholar
204 For a catalogue of these representations see: M. P. Nilsson MMB 2 357–9; also Sakellariou 1958, 82–5, and no. 358 pls. xii, xxvii; Spartz, , Das Wappenbild des Herrn und der Herrin der Tiere in der minoisch-mykenischen Kunst (München, 1962) 101–4.Google Scholar
205 Folded arms: no. 8 in Nilsson's list; nos. 4 and 9 in Sakellariou's list.
206 Sealing from Pylos: CMS i no. 356; folded arms on the sides: nos. 23, 30, 31 in Spartz's list.
207 Spartz, op. cit. n. 204 above, nos. 28, 103; Furtwängler, A., Beschreibung der geschnittenen Steine im Antiquarium (Berlin, 1896), nos. 2, 9, 10, 17.Google Scholar
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209 CMS i no. 89.
210 Higgins, R., ‘The Aegina Treasure Reconsidered’, BSA lii (1957) 45 ff.Google Scholar
211 CMS vii no. 173.
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213 PM ii 2, 765 fig. 485; iv 2, 580 ff. fig. 566; Spartz, op. cit. n. 204, nos. 34. 104.
214 Seyrig, H., Syria xxxii (1955) 29 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar pl. 3, 1; Spartz, op. cit. n. 204, no. 19, 101.
215 CMS i no. 223.
216 CS no. 293.
217 CS no. 294.
218 pM iv 2, 413 ff. fig. 343; Demargne, P., BCH lxx (1946) 148 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
219 Nos. 1, 2, 6, 7, 9 in Nilsson's list; nos. 1, 2, 6, 7, 9 in Sakellariou's list; nos. 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, (23a, 23a, 25a), 6, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35 in Spartz's list.
220 e.g. Spartz, op. cit. n. 215 above; Amandry, P., Collection Hélène Stathatou: Les bijoux antiques (Strasbourg 1953) 20 pl. vi. 7.Google Scholar
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222 Delplace, 52; see above 274–5.
223 For representations of the ‘Mistress of the Animals’ with griffins see Spartz nos. 10, n, 12, 13, 16. The majority of examples with the ‘Mistress of the Animals’ flanked by griffins are Minoan, while almost all with the Master in the same composition appear to be Mycenaean.
224 Nos. 3, 5 in Sakellariou's list. See also the other examples discussed here, i.e. no. 11 and CMS i nos. 163,356.
225 Op. cit. n. 213.
226 Op. cit. n. 134.
227 No. 8 in Nilsson's list. See also Betts, J. H., ‘Notes on a possible Minoan forgery’, BSA lx (1965) 203 ff. pl. 55.Google Scholar
228 See Sakellariou 1958, 83–4 n. 3.
229 Hall, E., Excavations in Eastern Crete, Sphoungaras (Philadelphia, 1912) 52 ff.Google Scholar fig. 25A; PM i 95 fig. 65; Matz, , Die frühkretischen Siegel (Berlin, 1928) pl. ii. 25Google Scholar; CS 15 fig. 16.
230 Demargne, P., ‘Le Maître des animaux sur une gemme Crétoise du M.M.I’, Mélanges syriens offerts à M. R. Dussaud, Bibliothèque archéologique et historique xxx (1939) 124 n. 5.Google Scholar
231 Matz, loc. cit. n. 229 above, 107.
232 Spartz, op. cit. n. 204 above, 9.
233 On this seal from Tel Asmar see Frankfort, H., Oriental Institute Discoveries, 1933/4, Fourth Preliminary Report, in OIC xix (1935) 29–30, fig. 30Google Scholar; Homes Fredericq, D., Les cachets mésopotamiens protohistoriques (Leiden, 1970) 147Google Scholar fig. 317e, pl. xxiv.
234 Spartz, op. cit., n. 204, 19–21.
235 Sakellariou 1958, 85.
236 See in particular Sakellariou 1958, 84–5, also Nilsson, MMR 2 2 382–8.
237 Nilsson, ibid.
238 P. Demargne, op. cit. n. 230 above; also, La Crète dédalique 289–90.
239 L. Curtius, Studien zur Geschichte der altorientalischen Kunst i: Gilgamish und Heabani (München, 1912), Abh. 7. See also Curtius, E., Über Wappengebrauch und Wappenstil im griechischen Altertum: Gesammelte Abhandlungen ii (Berlin, 1874) 77 ff. (esp. 110).Google Scholar
240 JHS xxi (1901) 152 ff.
241 Jdl 1904, 52.
242 Nilsson, op. cit. n. 236 above, 383 ff.
243 PM i 505 fig. 363c, Nilsson, MMR 2 355 fig. 164.
244 PM i 505 flg. 363Ä; Nilsson, MMR? 354 fig. 163.
245 From Zakro, , BSA xvii (1910/1911) 265 fig. 2Google Scholar; from Knossos, , PM i 505 fig. 363aGoogle Scholar; Nilsson, MMR2 355, fig. 165.
246 This identification should not be made too hastily when a man and an animal appear on a seal in a position vaguely recalling that of the ‘Master of the Animals’. There are other elements in the composition, e.g. the relation of the man to the animal and the posture of both, which should be taken in consideration before proposing such an interpretation.
247 No. 11 shows the ‘Master of the Animals’ with raised arms. On CMS i no. 163 his arms are touching the heads of the two animals, while on CMS i no. 356 they are at the sides.
248 Chittenden, J., ‘The Master of Animals’, Hesperia xvi (1947) 89 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar pls. xv–xxi.
249 Kenna, V. E. G., ‘Seals and Script I’, Kadmos i (1962) 1 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
250 Ibid. 14.
251 Gill, Margaret A. V., ‘Seals and Sealings: Some Comments’, Kadmos v (1966) 1 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Catalogue 5–10.
252 Ibid. 12–14 figs. 6–7.
253 Ibid. 14.
254 Kenna, V. E. G., ‘Seals and Script, III: Cretan Seal Use and the Dating of Linear Script B’, Kadmos iii (1964) 29 ff.Google Scholar
255 Ibid. 55–7.
256 For a list of these representations see Nilsson, MME 2, 358 ff. figs. 162, 169, 170; also Spartz, op. cit. n. 204.
257 CMS vii no. 134; CMS viii no. 118; JHS xlv (1925) 66 fig. 56.
258 e.g. nos. 2, 17 in Spartz's list.
259 Bulls and daemons, CMS i no. 379; Birds CMS vii no. 134; HM 1753; CMS i no. 233; dolphins: CMS i no. 344; HM 944.
260 Spartz, op. cit. n. 204 above, 32.
261 Ibid. 36.
262 Comparison of the number of representations involving the ‘Master of the Animals’ and of those involving the ‘Mistress of the Animals’does not show a significant preference for the female figure either in the Minoan or in the Mycenaean examples. Therefore Nilsson's statement that the Aegean representations of the theme show a predilection for the female figure, unlike the Oriental ones (MMR2 382), may not be justified.
263 On these views see Nilsson, MMR 2 356; Sakellariou 1966, 70, 71.
264 An account of the proposed interpretations for the theme is found in J. Sakellarakis, op. cit. n. 138 above, 250–1. See also ibid. 245 nos. 1–5, and 246 nos. 1–11 for various representations of a woman with an animal or animals.
265 Sakellarakis, op. cit. n. 138 above, 247 ff.
266 ASAtene, no. 128, 134–5 fig. ‘44 pl. ix.
267 Ibid., no. 129, 135 fig. 145 pl. xii.
269 Dessenne, A., ‘Le griffon crétomycénien: Inventaire et remarques’, BCH lxxxi (1957) 203 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
270 Ibid. 213.
271 Frankfort, H., ‘Notes on the Minoan griffin’, BSA xxxviii (1936–1937) 106 ff.Google Scholar; on the Syrian influence in Minoan griffins see also Kantor, H., The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium B.C. (1947), 90.Google Scholar
272 R. Dussaud, L' Art phénicien 96–107.
273 PM i. 709 fig. 530.
274 Leibovitch, J., ‘Le griffon dans le Moyen Orient antique’, Atiqot i (1955) 75 ff.Google Scholar: on the Egyptian griffins see also Leibovitch, J., ‘Quelques éléments de la décoration égyptienne sous le Nouvel Empire’, Bull. de l'lnst. d'Égypte xxv (1942–1943) 183 ff.Google Scholar, xxvi (1943–4) 231 ff., xxvii (1944–5) 379 ff.
275 Goldman, B., ‘The Development of the Lion Griffin’, AJA lxiv (1960) 319 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar pls. 88–91; Benson, , AJA 1959, 186.Google Scholar
276 Bisi, A. M., ‘Il grifone: Storia di un motivo iconografico nell'antico Oriente mediterraneo’, Studi Semitici xiii (1965).Google Scholar Typology of the griffin in the various areas where it appears. See esp. 247 ff. On the griffin in Cyprus, Bisi, A. M., ‘L'iconografia del grifone a Cipro’, Oriens Antiquus i (1962) 219 ff.Google Scholar pls. liii—lv.
277 Ibid.
278 See Tzavella-Evjen, Chara, Ta pterota onta tes proïstorikes epoches tou Aigaiou (Athens, 1970) 19–40Google Scholar: Catalogue 65 ff., 92 ff., 105 ff. On the association with the cherub see Barnett, R. D., ‘Phoenicia and the Ivory Trade’, Archaeology 1956, 88.Google Scholar Also op. cit. n. 143 above.
279 See Webster, T. B. L., From Mycenae to Homer (London, 1956) 31–2, 53Google Scholar; on the union of the kingdom by Egyptian analogy see: Marinatos, S., Praktika 1956, 407–10.Google Scholar
280 Op. cit. n. 278, 130–1.
281 Sakellariou 1966, 4 ff.
282 Biesantz, Siegelbilder 53 ff. Biesantz's divisions correspond to Sakellariou's ‘naturalistic’, ‘palatial-decorative’, ‘stylized’, and ‘magical’styles. See Sakellariou 1958, xvi–xviii.
283 Sakellariou 1966, 117–18.