Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-jwnkl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-09T09:23:48.006Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

POLITICS AND LEGISLATION IN CITIZENSHIP TESTING IN THE UNITED STATES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2009

Abstract

Politics and legislation have been entangled in language planning and policy in the United States since 1776. Regulations for immigration and citizenship (naturalization) have been in place since the Naturalization Act of 1790. This article examines the history of immigration and citizenship legislation that started with this act up to the more recent act of 1952, which included regulations requiring ability in English language and knowledge of history and government. It concludes with brief examinations of the old and redesigned Naturalization Tests.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ANNOTATED REFERENCES

Del Valle, S. (2003). Language rights and the law. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Pickus, N. (2005). True faith and allegiance: Immigration and American civic nationalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Shohamy, E., & McNamara, T. (Eds.). (2009). Language testing in the context of immigration, citizenship and asylum. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6 [Special issue].Google Scholar

OTHER REFERENCES

American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association (1999), and the National Council for Measurement in Education (1999). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington, DC. Author.Google Scholar
Bachman, L. F. (2005). Building and supporting a case for test use. Language Assessment Quarterly, 2, 134.Google Scholar
Bachman, L. & Palmer, A. (1996). Language testing in practice. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Etzioni, A. (2007). Citizenship tests: A comparative, communitarian perspective. Political Quarterly, 78, 353363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hing, B. (2004). Defining America through immigration policy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Huntingdon, S. (2005). Who are we? America's great debate. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Immigration Restriction League. (1915). The case for the literacy test. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Kennedy, J. F. (1964). A nation of immigrants. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Kloss, H. (1977). The American bilingual tradition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Kunnan, A. J. (2008). Towards a model of test evaluation: Using the test fairness and wider context frameworks. In Taylor, L. & Weir, C. (Eds.), Multilingualism and assessment: Achieving transparency, assuring quality, sustaining diversity (pp. 229251). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kunnan, A. J. (2009). American citizenship and the testing for citizenship: The U.S. Naturalization Test. Language Assessment Quarterly, 6, 8997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
May, S. (2005). Language rights: Moving the debate forward. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 9, 319347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, S. (2008). Language education, pluralism and citizenship. In May, S. & Hornberger, N. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education (2nd ed.): Vol. 1. Language policy and political issues in education (pp. 1529). Amsterdam: Springer Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogge, T. (2003). Accommodation rights for Hispanics. In Kymlicka, W. & Patten, A. (Eds.), Language rights and political theory (pp. 105122). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickus, N. (1998). (Ed.). Immigration and citizenship in the 21st century. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, A. (1992). The disuniting of America: Reflections on a multicultural society. New York: WW Norton.Google Scholar
Spolsky, B. (1995). Measured words. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2008). 2007 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Washington, D.C. Author.Google Scholar