Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-c9gpj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-15T17:56:02.189Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Did the Anglo-Saxons Play Games of Chance? Some Thoughts on Old English Board Games

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Ian Payne
Affiliation:
79 Foxhunter Drive, Oadby, Leicester LE2 5FH, UK. E-mail:.

Abstract

H J R Murray, the distinguished board games historian, stated categorically in 1952 that the popular Germanic game of tæfl (more specifically referred to in a ninth- to twelfth-century Norse context as hnefatafl), a game entirely of skill, was the only board game played in Anglo-Saxon England. But Old English literary evidence might pose a challenge to Murray's thesis, and could be taken to suggest that the English also played games of chance (perhaps even tabula, an ancestor of backgammon) in the first millennium AD.

Type
Shorter Contributions
Copyright
Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Articus, R 1984. ‘Ein Fund mit romischen Import von Graberfeld Bordesholm, Kr. Rendsborg-Eckenforde. Ein Beitrag zum Spielgerat in der romischen Kaiserzeit’, Hammaburg, NF, 6, 207–20Google Scholar
Austin, R G 1934a. ‘Zeno's game of τάβλη J Hellenic Stud, 54, 202–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, R G 1934b. ‘Roman board games. I’, Greece & Rome, 4, no. 10, 2434CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, R G 1935. ‘Roman board games. II’, Greece & Rome, 4, no. 11, 7682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, R G 1938. ‘A Roman game-board from Holt, Denbighshire’, Archaeol Cambrensis, 93, 250–3Google Scholar
Bell, R C 1960. Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations, I, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Bell, R C 1969. Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations, II, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Bell, R C 1980. Discovering Old Board Games, 2nd edn, AylesburyGoogle Scholar
Chikun, C 1997. Go: A Complete Introduction to the Game, TokyoGoogle Scholar
Evans, A C 1994. The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, rev edn, LondonGoogle Scholar
Fiske, W 1905. Chess in Iceland, FlorenceGoogle Scholar
Gabriel, I 1988. ‘Hof- und Sakraldultur sowie Gebrauchs- und Handelsgut im Spiegel der Kleinfunde von Starigard/Oldenburg’, Bericht der Romisch-Germanischen Komission, 69, 103291Google Scholar
Gordon, R K (trans) nd. Anglo-Saxon Poetry, LondonGoogle Scholar
Graham-Campbell, J 1980. Viking Artefacts: A Select Catalogue, LondonGoogle Scholar
Grimes, W F, 1930. ‘Holt: the works-depot of the twentieth legion at Castle Lyons’, Y Cymmrodor, 41, 131, 212Google Scholar
Helmfrid, S 2000. ‘Hnefatafl – The strategic board game of the Vikings: an overview of rules and variations of the game’, <http://user.tninet.se/~jgd996c/hnefatafl/hnefatafl.html> (page no longer available)+(page+no+longer+available)>Google Scholar
Kemble, J M 1991. Anglo-Saxon Runes, Pinner (an annotated reprint, with additional notes and translations by Bill Griffiths, of Kemble's pioneering essay ‘On Anglo-Saxon runes’, first published in the journal Archaeologia for 1840)Google Scholar
King, J E (ed and trans) 1930. Bœdœœ Opera Historica, 2 vols, LondonGoogle Scholar
Klaeber, F (ed) 1950. Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg, 3rd edn with 1st and 2nd supplements, Boston, Mass.Google Scholar
Kluge-Pinsker, A 1991. Schachspiel und Trictrac. Zeugnisse mittelalterlicher Spielfreude aus salischer Zeit, SigmaringenGoogle Scholar
Lane, E W 1908. Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, LondonGoogle Scholar
Latham, R E and Howlett, D R (eds) 19751997. Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources. Volume 1: A-L, OxfordGoogle Scholar
MacGregor, A 1976. Finds from a Roman Sewer System and an Adjacent Building in Church Street, The Archaeology of York: The Small Finds, 17/1, 4, LondonGoogle Scholar
Mackie, W S (ed and trans) 1934. The Exeter Book, Part II: Poems IX–XXXII, Early English Text Society, old ser, 194 (for 1933), OxfordGoogle Scholar
MacWhite, E 1946. ‘Early Irish board games’, Eigse: A Journal of Irish Studies, 5, 2535Google Scholar
SirMadden, F 1832. ‘Historical remarks on the introduction of the game of chess into Europe, and on the ancient chess-men discovered on the Isle of Lewis’, Archaeologia, 24, 203–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, C 1999. Go, LondonGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, B 1964. ‘Pronouns in Old English poetry: some syntactical notes’, Review of English Studies, new ser, 15/58, 129–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, C A 2000. Wood and Woodworking in Anglo-Scandinavian and Medieval York, The Archaeology of York: The Small Finds, 17/13. 2350–1, YorkGoogle Scholar
Muir, B J (ed) 1994. The Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry: An Edition of Exeter Dean and Chapter MS 3501, 2 vols, ExeterGoogle Scholar
Müller, U 1996. Holzfunde aus Freiburg/Augustinereremitenkloster und Konstanz, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Murray, H J R 1913. A History of Chess, Oxford (reprinted 1962)Google Scholar
Murray, H J R 1952. A History of Board-games other than Chess, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Newton, S 1993. The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Page, R 1969. ‘Old English Cyningstan’, in Leeds Stud Engl, new ser, 3 (eds Cawley, A C and Alston, R C), 15, LeedsGoogle Scholar
Parlett, D 1999. The Oxford History of Board Games, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Riddler, I D 1994. ‘The bone gaming piece’, in Excavations on Medieval Sites in Milton Keynes (ed Mynard, D C), Buckinghamshire Archaeol Soc Monogr Ser, 6, 185–8, AylesburyGoogle Scholar
Riddler, I D 1995. ‘Anglo-Norman chess’, in New Approaches to Board-Game Research: Asian Origins and Future Perspectives (ed Voogt, A J de), International Institute for Asian Studies, working papers ser, 3, 99110, LeidenGoogle Scholar
Riddler, I D forthcoming. ‘The pursuit of Hnefatafl’, in Board Games of the Ancient and Modern Worlds (ed I Finkel), LondonGoogle Scholar
Ritchie, A 19761977. ‘Excavation of Pictish and Viking-age farmsteads at Buckquoy, Orkney’, Proc Soc Antiq Scotl, 108, 174227Google Scholar
Robinson, J A 1923. Times of St Dunstan, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, L J (ed and trans) 1993. Anglo-Saxon Verse Charms, Maxims and Heroic Legends, PinnerGoogle Scholar
Scragg, D G 1991. ‘The nature of Old English verse’, in The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature (eds Godden, M and Lapidge, M), 5570, CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, W G 1972. ‘A gaming board of Ballinderry type from Knockanboy, Derrykeighan, Co. Antrim’, Ulster J Archaeol, 3rd ser, 35, 63–4Google Scholar
Smith, J H 1811. Lachesis Lapponica, 2 vols, LondonGoogle Scholar
Sophocles, E A 1888. Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods (from b.c. 146 to a.d. 1100), New YorkGoogle Scholar
Swanton, M (ed and trans) 1978. Beowulf, ManchesterGoogle Scholar
Swanton, M (ed and trans) 1996. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, LondonGoogle Scholar
Toller, T N (ed) 1898. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth, OxfordGoogle Scholar
von Linné, C 1913 [Linnaeus]. Skrifter of Carl von Linné utgifna af Kungl. Svenska Vetenkapsakadamien, V: Iter Lapponicum, andra upplagan, med bilagor och noter ombesörjd af Th. M. Fries, UppsalaGoogle Scholar
Wasserstein, D J 2003, ‘The first Jew in England; “the game of the Evangel” and a Hiberno-Latin contribution to Anglo-Jewish history’, in Ogma (eds Picard, J M and Richter, M), 283–8, DublinGoogle Scholar
Youngs, S M 1983. ‘The gaming pieces’, in The Sutton-Hoo Ship-Burial, III, pt 2 (ed Evans, A Care), 853–74, LondonGoogle Scholar