Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T19:51:57.620Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The So-Called Gundulf's Tower at Rochester Cathedral. A Reconsideration of its History, Date and Function

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2014

J. Philip McAleer
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Since the early eighteenth century, on the basis of no particular evidence, the tower standing uncomfortably close to the north choir aisle at Rochester has been attributed to Bishop Gundulf, the builder of the first Romanesque cathedral church begun c.1080. Recently, it has been suggested that the tower dates to the mid-twelfth century and was erected as a bell tower. This paper assembles the documented history of the tower, speculates about its original form, and presents comparative material. Early post-Conquest towers of a possible defensive function and the few known examples of free-standing bell towers in twelfth-century England are considered in an attempt to establish a date and function for the tower. On the basis of this evidence, it may be suggested that an early post-Conquest – and pre-Gundulf – date is more likely than one in the mid-twelfth century, and that it was more probably erected for defensive purposes rather than as a bell tower.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Antiquaries Journal , Volume 78 , March 1998 , pp. 111 - 176
Copyright
Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous 1713. Nouveau Théatre de la Grande Bretagne (2 vols. 1708 & 1713), II. Ou description exacte des Villes, Eglises, Cathedrales, Hôpitaux, Ports de Mer, etc., de la Grande Bretagne, LondonGoogle Scholar
Aldsworth, F.G. 1979 ‘“The Mound's church’, Sussex Archaeol. Coll, 117, 104–7Google Scholar
Aldsworth, F.G. and Garnett, E.D, 1981 ‘Excavations on “The Mound”’, Sussex Archaeol. Coll, 119, 217–21Google Scholar
Armitage, E.A. 1912. The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles, London Google Scholar
Arnold, A.A. 1889 ‘Medieval remains at Rochester’, Archaeol. Cantian, 18, 196–201 Google Scholar
Ashpitel, A. 1853–1992. ‘Gundulf’, The Dictionary of Architecture (Architectural Publication Society), London, 111, 104–5Google Scholar
Atherton, I., Fernie, E., Harper-Bill, C. and Smith, H. 1996. Norwich Cathedral. Church, City and Diocese, 1096–1996, London and Rio Grande Google Scholar
Audouy, M., Dix, B. and Parsons, D. 1995 ‘The Tower of All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, Northmptonshire: its construction and context’, Archaeol. J, 152, 73–94 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biddle, M. 1975 ‘Excavations at Winchester, 1971: tenth and final interim report, part II’, Antiq. J, 55, 295–337 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boswell, H. n.d. [1786] Complete Historical Description of a New and Elegant Collection of Picturesque Views and Representations of the Antiquities of England and Wales, London Google Scholar
Brown, G.B. 1925. The Arts in Early England, 2. Anglo Saxon Architecture , 2nd edn., London Google Scholar
Brown, R.A. 1969/1986. Rochester Castle, Kent, 1st and 2nd edns., London Google Scholar
Brown, R.A., 1976. English Castles, 3rd edn., London Google Scholar
Brown, R.A. and Colvin, H.M. 1963. ‘The Royal Castles 1066–1485’, in Brown, Colvin and Taylor 1963, II, 553–894 Google Scholar
Brown, R.A., Colvin, H.M. and Taylor, A.J. 1963. The Middle Ages (The History of the King's Works, gen. ed. Colvin, H.M.), 2 vols., London Google Scholar
Butler, H.E. (ed. and trans.) 1949. The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond, London Google Scholar
Caley, J., Ellis, H. and Bandinel, B. (eds.) 1817–1930. Monasticon Anglicanum, 6 vols., London Google Scholar
Cattermole, P. 1990. Church Bells and Bell-Ringing: A Norfolk Profile, Woodbridge Google Scholar
Chibnall, M. (ed.) 1994. Anglo-Norman Studies XVI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1993, Woodbridge Google Scholar
Clapham, A.W. 1928 ‘An early hall at Chilham Castle, Kent’, Antiq. J, 8, 350–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, G.T. 1880 ‘St. Leonard's Tower, West Mailing’, The Builde, 39 (27 November), 640–2Google Scholar
Cobb, G. 1980. English Cathedrals. The Forgotten Centuries: Restoration and Change from 1530 to the Present Day, London Google Scholar
Colvin, H.M. 1963. ‘The Norman Kings 1066–1154’, Pt. 1. ‘The Castles of the Conquest’, in Brown, Colvin and Taylor 1963,1 (Chap. II), 19–32 Google Scholar
Covert, M. 1992 ‘The Cottingham Years at Rochester’, Friends of Rochester Cathedral Report for 1991/2, 6–14 Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1976. Excavations at Portchester Castle, II. Saxon, Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq. London, 33, London CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darlington, R.R. (ed.) 1928. The Vita Wulf-stani of William of Malmesbury, Camden Society, 11 Google Scholar
Davison, B. 1968 ‘Excavations at Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, 1968’, Archaeol. J, 125, 305–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davison, B. 1969–1970. ‘Sulgrave’, Curr. Archaeol., 12 (II/I), 19–22 Google Scholar
Davison, B. 1977 ‘Excavations at Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, 1960–76: an interim report’, Archaeol. J, 134, 105–14Google Scholar
Denne, S. 1782. Observations on Rochester Castle (In a letter to Mr. Gouch)’, Archaeologia, 6, 381–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denne, S. 1788. ‘Memorials of the Cathedral Church of Rochester’, in Thorpe 1788, 153–260, esp. 153–84Google Scholar
[Denne, S. and Shrubsole, W.], 1772. The History and Antiquities of Rochester and its Vicinity, London (2nd edn., 1817)Google Scholar
Dingley, T. 1867–1868. History from Marble, 2 vols., ed. Nichols, J.G., Camden Society, series I, 94 (1867) and 97 (1868)Google Scholar
Duffield, F.H. and Knight, H.T. with Wheatley, S.W. 1926. A Sketch of the History of the Diocese of Rochester with a Short Account of the Cathedral and Precinct, Chatham Google Scholar
Dugdale, W. 1673. Monasticon Anglicanum, III, London Google Scholar
Elliston-Erwood, F.C. 1954 ‘The plan of the abbey church of the Benedictine nunnery of Saint Mary, West Mailing, Kent’, Antiq. J, 34, 55–63 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elphick, G.P. 1970. Sussex Bells and Belfries, London and Chichester Google Scholar
Fairweather, F.H. 1929 ‘Gundulf's cathedral and priory church of St Andrew Rochester: some critical remarks upon the hitherto accepted plan’, Archaeol. J, 86, 187–212 Google Scholar
Fairweather, F.H. 1931 ‘The abbey of St Mary, Mailing, Kent’, Archaeol. J, 88, 175–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernie, E. 1993. An Architectural History of Norwich Cathedral, Oxford Google Scholar
Fisher, E.A. 1962. The Greater Anglo-Saxon Churches: An Architectural-Historical Study, London Google Scholar
Fisher, E.A. 1969. Anglo-Saxon Towers: An Architectural and Historical Study, Newton Abbot Google Scholar
Gardner, S. 1984a. ‘Two campaigns in Suger's western block at St-Denis’, Art Bull., 66/4, 574–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, S. 1984b. ‘The influence of castle building on ecclesiastical architecture in the Paris region, 1130–1150’, in Reyerson and Powe 1984, 97–123 Google Scholar
Gem, R. 1979. ‘Bishop Wufstan II and the Romanesque cathedral church of Worcester’, in Popper 1979, 15–37 Google Scholar
Gem, R. 1986. ‘Lincoln Minister: Ecclesia Pulchra, Ecclesia Fortis’, in Heslop and Sekules 1986, 9–28 Google Scholar
Gravett, K.W.E. 1969 ‘A model of a timber belfry at Brookland, Kent’, Antiq. J, 49, 391–2Google Scholar
Gravett, K.W.E. 1974 ‘Brookland belfry’, Archaeol. Cantian, 89, 43–8Google Scholar
Greenway, D. and Sayers, J. (eds. and trans.) 1989. Jocelin of Brakelond: Chronicle of the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds, Oxford Google Scholar
Grose, F. 1773–1987. The Antiquities of England and Wales, 6 vols., London Google Scholar
Harper-Bill, C. and Harvey, R. 1992. The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood, Woodbridge Google Scholar
Harvey, A. 1911. The Castles and Walled Towns of England, London Google Scholar
Hasted, E. 1778–1999. The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, 4 vols., Canterbury Google Scholar
Hearne, T. (ed.) 1720. Textus Roffensis, London Google Scholar
Hearne, T. (ed.) 1727. Adamo de Domerham, Historia de rebus gestis Glastoniensibus, Oxford Google Scholar
Hearne, T. (ed.) 1744/1745. The Itinerary of John Leland the Antiquary Published from the Original MS in the Bodleian Library, 9 vols., 2nd edn. [I, 1745; II–IX, 1744] Oxford Google Scholar
Heslop, T.A. and Sekules, V.A. (eds.) 1986. Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral, Brit. Archaeol. Ass. Conference Trans, for 1982, VIII, London Google Scholar
Hewett, C.A. 1962. ‘The timber belfries of Essex: their significance in the development of English carpentry’, Archaeol. J., 119, 225–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewett, C.A. 1969. The Development of Church Carpentry, Newton Abbot Google Scholar
Heywood, S. 1996. ‘The Romanesque Building’ in Atherton, Fernie, Harper-Bill and Smith 1996, 73–115 Google Scholar
Higham, R. and Barker, P. 1992. Timber Castles, London Google Scholar
Hill, D.I. 1986. Canterbury Cathedral, London Google Scholar
Holbrook, D. 1996. ‘Repair and restoration of the fabric since 1540’ in Yates 1996, 185–216 Google Scholar
Hope, W.H., St., J. 1881–1885. ‘Notes on the architectural history of Rochester Cathedral’, Trans. St Paul's Ecclesiological Soc, 1, 217–30Google Scholar
Hope, W.H., St., J. 1891 ‘Rochester Cathedral Church’, The Builde, 61, no. 2539 (3 October), 259–61Google Scholar
Hope, W.H., St., J. 1898 ‘The architectural history of the cathedral church and monastery of St. Andrew at Rochester’, Archaeol. Cantian, 23, 194–328 (also published separately with the same title, London 1900, 1–135)Google Scholar
Hughson, D. 1805–1809. London: being an accurate History and Description of the British Metropolis and its Neighborhood to Thirty Miles Extand, from an actual Perambulation, 6 vols., London Google Scholar
James, M.R. 1895 ‘On the abbey church of S. Edmund at Bury’, Cambridge Antiq. Societ, octavo ser., 28 Google Scholar
King, D.J.C. 1983. Castellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales and the Islands, 2 vols., London Google Scholar
King, E. 1782 ‘Sequel to the observations on ancient castles’, Archaeologi, 6, 231–375 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kipps, P.K. 1929 ‘Minster Court, Thanet’, Archaeol. J, 86, 213–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, D. and Hadcock, R.N. 1971. Medieval Religious Houses in England and Wales, 2nd edn., London Google Scholar
Lawson, A.W. and Stockley, G.W. 1904. A History of the Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin, West Mailing, Kent, West Mailing Google Scholar
Lehmann-Brockhaus, O. 1955–1960. Lateinische Schriftquellen zur Kunst in England, Wales und Schottland vom Jahre 901 bis zum Jahre 1307, 5 vols., Munich Google Scholar
Le Prévost, A. (ed.) 1838–1855. Odericus Vitalis … Historiae Ecclesiasticae libri tredecim, 5 vols. (Société de l'Histoire de France), Paris Google Scholar
Le Nave, J. 1971. Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae, 1066 – 1300, II. Monastic Cathedrals, comp. D.E. Greenway, London Google Scholar
Liebermann, F. 1903–1916. Die Gesetze der Anglosachsen, 3 vols. (I, 1903; II, 1906; III, 1916), Halle Google Scholar
Livett, G.M. 1889 ‘Foundations of the Saxon cathedral church at Rochester’, Archaeol. Cantian, 18, 261–78Google Scholar
Livett, G.M. 1904. ‘The medieval church of St Mary the Virgin, West Mailing’, in Lawson and Stockley 1904, 1–12 Google Scholar
Major, J. 1521. Description of England, Paris Google Scholar
Marsh, R.(J.) 1974. Rochester: The Evolution of the City and Its Government, Rochester Google Scholar
Marshall, G. 1942–1945. ‘Detached church towers in Herefordshire’, Trans. Woolhope Natur. Fld. Club, 31, 132–40Google Scholar
McAleer, J.P. 1984. The Romaneque Church Façadé in Britain, New York, London Google Scholar
McAleer, J.P. 1985 ‘Some observations on the building sequence of the nave of Rochester Cathedral’, Archaeol. Cantian, 102, 149–70Google Scholar
McAleer, J.P. 1993a. ‘Rochester Cathedral: the north choir aisle and the space between it and “Gundulf”’, Archaeol. Cantiana, 112, 127–65Google Scholar
McAleer, J.P. 1993b. ‘Rochester Cathedral: the west range of the cloister’, Friends of Rochester Cathedral. Report for 1992/3, 13–25 Google Scholar
Morris, E. 1931. The History and Art of Change Ringing, London Google Scholar
Morris, E. 1955. Towers and Bells of Britain, London Google Scholar
Morris, R.K. 1977 ‘Pembridge and mature Decorated architecture in Hereford’, Trans. Woolhope Natur. Fid. Clu, 42/2, 129–53Google Scholar
Nairn, I. and Pevsner, N. 1965. The Buildings of England: Sussex, Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Newman, J. 1976/1980. The Buildings of England: West Kent and the Weald, 2nd edn. and rep., Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Newman, J. 1983. The Buildings of England: North East and East Kent, 3rd edn., Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Noake, J. 1866. The Monastery and Cathedral of Worcester, London Google Scholar
Odell, J.G. 1982 ‘Marston Moretain's Tower’, Bedfordshire Magazin, 18/143, 299–302 Google Scholar
Palmer, G.H. 1899. The Cathedral Church of Rochester. A Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See, Bell's Cathedral Series, 2nd edn., London Google Scholar
Parker, J. 1860–1864. ‘On the remains of the city walls and fortifications of Oxford’, Proc. Oxford Architectural Hist. Soc, new ser., 1, 38–46 Google Scholar
Parsons, D. 1978 ‘Barrel-vaulted staircases in England and on the Continent with special reference to Brixworth Church, Northamptonshire’, Zeitschrift für Archäologie des Mittelalter, 6, 129–47Google Scholar
Pevsner, N. 1963. The Buildings of England: Herefordshire, Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Pevsner, N. 1965. The Buildings of England: Essex, 2nd edn. (rev. Radcliffe, E.), Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Pevsner, N. 1966. The Buildings of England: Berkshire, Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Pevsner, N. 1968. The Buildings of England: Worcestershire, Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Pevsner, N. 1969. The Buildings of England: North Lancashire, Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Pevsner, N. 1974. The Buildings of England: Suffolk, 2nd edn. (rev. Radcliffe, E.), Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Pevsner, N. and Williamson, E. 1994. The Buildings of England: Buckinghamshire, 2nd. edn., Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Platt, C. 1990. The Architecture of Medieval Britain. A Social History, London and New Haven Google Scholar
Popper, G. (ed.) 1979. Medieval Art and Architecture at Worcester, Brit. Archaeol. Ass. Conference Trans., 1 for 1975, London Google Scholar
Raven, J.J. 1906. The Bells of England, London CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renn, D. 1973. Norman Castles in Britain, 2nd edn., London Google Scholar
Renn, D. 1994. ‘Burgeat and Gonfanon: two sidelights from the Bayeux Tapestry’, in Chibnall 1994, 177–98Google Scholar
Reyerson, K. and Powe, F. (eds.) 1984. The Medieval Castle: Romance and Reality, Medieval Studies at Minnesota, 1, Minneapolis Google Scholar
Robertson, S. 1880 ‘Churches in Romney Marsh’, Archaeol. Cantian, 13, 408–87Google Scholar
Robertson, S. 1897 ‘Detached campanile of Benenden Church’, Archaeol. Cantian, 22, 45–8Google Scholar
RCHM. 1912. Buckinghamshire, 1 (South), Roy. Comm. Hist. Monuments Engl. Inventories, London Google Scholar
RCHM. 1930. London, V. East London, Roy. Comm. Hist. Monuments Engl. Inventories, London Google Scholar
RCHM. 1934. Herefordshire, III. North-West, Roy. Comm. Hist. Monuments Engl. Inventories, London Google Scholar
RCHM. 1939. City of Oxford, Roy. Comm. Hist. Monuments Engl. Inventories, London Google Scholar
Rye, W.B. 1882. Collections for a History of Rochester, and the Neighbourhood, 3 vols., not publishedGoogle Scholar
Salzmann, L.F. 1912 ‘Excavations at Selsey 1911’, Sussex Archaeol. Col, 55, 56–62 Google Scholar
Saunders, A.D. 1978 ‘Excavations in the church of St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury, 1955–58’, Medieval Archaeol, 22, 25–58 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherlock, D. and Woods, H. 1988. St. Augustine's Abbey: Report on Excavations 1960–78 (ed. Geddes, J.) Kent Archaeol. Soc.Mo-nogr. Ser., 4, Maidstone Google Scholar
Sherwood, J. and Pevsner, N. 1974. The Buildings of England: Oxfordshire, Harmondsworth Google Scholar
Skelton, R.A. and Harvey, P.D.A. (eds.) 1986. Local Maps and Plans from Medieval England, Oxford Google Scholar
Smith, F.F. 1928. A History of Rochester Cathedral, London Google Scholar
Smith, L.T. (ed.) 1907–1910. The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the years 1535–1543, 5 vols., London Google Scholar
Speed, J. 1611. The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain, London Google Scholar
Stahlschmidt, J.C.L. 1887. Church Bells of Kent, London Google Scholar
Storer, J. 1814–1819. History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Churches of Great Britain, 4 vols., London Google Scholar
Strange, E.F. 1900. The Cathedral Church of Worcester. A Description of the Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See, Bell's Cathedral Series, London Google Scholar
Strype, J. 1824. Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, new edn., 4 vols. in 7 (vi–xili), Oxford Google Scholar
Tarr, V.J. 1963 ‘Rochester Cathedral in 1634’, Archaeol. Cantian, 78, 39–54 Google Scholar
Tatton-Brown, T. 1984 ‘Three Great Benedictine Houses in Kent. Their buildings and topography’, Archaeol. Cantian, 100, 171–88Google Scholar
Tatton-Brown, T. 1988 ‘The east range of the cloisters’, Friends of Rochester Cathedral: Report for 198, 4–8 Google Scholar
Tatton-Brown, T. 1989a. ‘Observations made in the sacrist's checker area beside “Gun-dulfs– July 1989’, Archaeol. Cantiana, 107, 390–4Google Scholar
Tatton-Brown, T. 1989b. Great Cathedrals of Britain, London Google Scholar
Tatton-Brown, T. 1991a. ‘“Gundulf's’, Friends of Rochester Cathedral: Report for 1990/91, 7–12 Google Scholar
Tatton-Brown, T. 1991b. ‘The buildings and topography of St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury’, J. Brit. Archaeol. Ass., 144, 61–91 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tatton-Brown, T. 1991c. ‘Medieval building stone at the Tower of London’, London Archaeol., 6/13, 361–6Google Scholar
Taylor, H.M. and Taylor, J. 1965 and 1978. Anglo-Saxon Architecture, 3 vols., Cambridge Google Scholar
Taylor, J. and Taylor, H.M. 1964 ‘Herringbone masonry as a criterion of date’, J. Brit. Archaeol. Ass, 3rd ser., 27, 6–13 Google Scholar
Thomas, Wm. 1737. A Survey of the Cathedral Church of Worcester, with an Account of the Bishops thereof, from the Foundation of the See, to the Year 1600, London Google Scholar
Thompson, E.M. (ed.) 1902–1904. Customary of the Benedictine Monasteries of Saint Augustine, Canterbury, and Saint Peter, Westminster, 2 vols., Henry Bradshaw Society, 28, London Google Scholar
Thompson, R. (ed.) 1977. The Life of Gundulf Bishop of Rochester, Toronto Medieval Latin Texts, Toronto Google Scholar
Thorpe, J. (ed.) 1769. Registrum Roffense, or, a Collection of Antient Records, Charters, and Instruments of Divers Kinds, Necessary for Illustrating the Ecclesiastical History and Antiquities of the Diocese and Cathedral Church of Rochester, London Google Scholar
Thorpe, J. (ed.) 1788. Custumale Roffense, from the Original Manuscript in the Archives of the Dean and Chapter of Rochester, London Google Scholar
Urry, W. 1967. Canterbury under the Angevin Kings, London Google Scholar
Urry, W. 1986. ‘Canterbury, Kent, circa 1153 x 1161’, in Skelton and Harvey 1986, 43–58 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VCH. 1924a. The Victoria History of the County of Berkshire, IV, LondonGoogle Scholar
VCH. 1924b. The Victoria History of the County of Worcestershire, IV, LondonGoogle Scholar
Walters, H.B. 1912. Church Bells of England, London, New York, Toronto, Melbourne Google Scholar
Wharton, H. (ed.) 1691. Anglia Sacra, 2 vols., London Google Scholar
Wheatley, H.B. (ed.) 1879. The Particular Description of England, 1588, London Google Scholar
Whitehead, F. 1900/1901–1902. ‘Pembridge church and belfry’, Trans. Woolhope Natur. Fid Club, 17, 137–40Google Scholar
Whitelock, D. (ed.) 1979. English Historical Documents, I. C. 500–1042, London and New York Google Scholar
Whittingham, A.B. 1949. ‘[Report of the Summer Meeting of die Institute at Norwich, 1949: Part III. Norwich: Cathedral, Churches, and Religious and Charitable Foundations.] The Monastic Buildings of Norwich Cathedral, and the Bishop's Palace’, Archaeol. J., 106, 86–7Google Scholar
Williams, A. 1992. ‘A bell-house and a burh-geat: lordly residences in England before the Norman Conquest’, in Harper-Bill and Harvey 1992, 221–40Google Scholar
Willis, B. 1718–1719. An History of the Mitred Parliamentary Abbies and Conventual Cathedral Churches, 2 vols., London Google Scholar
Willis, R. 1863 ‘Architectural history of the cathedral and monastery at Worcester. Pt. II – The monastic buildings’, Archaeol. J, 20, 254–72, 301–18 (Appendix, 315–17)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winkles, H.B. and 1838–1842. Winkles's Architectural and Picturesque Illustrations of the Cathedral Churches of England and Wales, 3 vols., London Google Scholar
SirWinnington, T. 1857 ‘On the clochium, or ancient bell-steeple of Worcester Cathedral’, Ecclesiologis, 18, 56–8Google Scholar
Withers, H. 1896. The Cathedral Church of Canterbury, Bell's Cathedral Series, London Google Scholar
Woodman, F. 1981. The Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral, London, Boston and Henley Google Scholar
Yates, N. (ed., with Welsby, P.A.) 1996. Faith and Fabric: A History of Rochester Cathedral, 600–1994 (Kent History Project, 4), Woodbridge Google Scholar
Zarnecki, G. 1950. ‘Regional Schools of English Sculpture in the Twelfth Century. The Soudiern School and the Herefordshire School’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of London Google Scholar