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I. Observations on the History of St. George, the Patron Saint of England; wherein Dr. Pettingal's allegorical Interpretation of the Equestrian Figure on the George; and the late Mr. Byrom's Conjecture, that St. George is mistaken for Pope Gregory are briefly confuted. And the Martyr of Cappadocia, as Patron of England, and of the Order of the Garter, is defended against both

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 July 2012

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The connection of the Society of Antiquaries with the Patron of the English Nation St. George, whose Anniversary is the day appointed by statute for the Election of their Officers, and whereof the King's most excellent Majesty is the Founder and Patron, as well as Sovereign of the Order of St. George, seems to make it necessary that some proper notice should be taken, by some of its members, of two late publications tending to the Annihilation of this Saint. There can be no reason, at this day, against an Enquiry into the truth of the Admission and Acceptance of St. George, the Martyr, by our Ancestors as the Patron and Protector of this kingdom; especially since Dr. Pettingal, Author of one of the Pieces alluded to, supposes the George and Garter to be entirely of an emblematical or allegorical Nature; and Mr. Byrom, Author of the other Piece, has declared, that St. Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome, and not St. George, was the real Patron-Saint of the English.

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Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society of Antiquaries of London 1779

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References

page 2 note [a] See the copy of the Charter, p. 4.

page 3 note [b] Selden, Titles of Honour, Pt. II. c. 5. § 43. Dr. Pet. Heylin's Hist. of St. George asserted, p. 4 36. seq. 333. 411. Mr. Thomas Salmon, Historic. Account of St. George, 1704, who contends that George, bishop of Ostia, Legate here, A. D. 787, is the person meant by St. George; the Story of George, the Saint and Martyr of Cappadocia, being, in his opinion, all a Fiction. See him, p. 104. Pt. II. p. 85.

page 3 note [c] Dr. Pettingal, p. ix. 34. of his Dissertation on the Original of the Equestrian Figure on the George, &c. written about A. D. 1760.

page 3 note [d] Idem, p. x. 50. And this indeed is the Tenor of his whole Dissertation.

page 4 note [e] See Heylin, p. 72. seq. where he observes, that Sigismund, the Emperor, and King of Hungary, erected an Order of Knighthood, which he entituled, of the Dragon, with a symbolical Interpretation. The Order of the Golden Fleece has its Foundation also in Fancy alone, Heylin, Cosmogr. Lib. II. p. 28.

page 5 note [f] Selden, § 41. where some particulars of his Martyrdom are mentioned; and see hereafter.

page 5 note [g] Heylin, p. 133. 146. 284, 294. The Bosporus was called the Arm of St. George. Fuller's Holy War, p. 56.

page 5 note [h] Heylin, p. 145.

page 5 note [i] Ib. p. 274.

page 5 note [k] Ib. p. 249. seq. 293. Fuller's Holy War, p. 27.

page 5 note [l] Heylin, p. 134. 272. 275. Selden, § 41. The churches, as Butler observes, were innumerable. And Sir P. Rycaut says, that if there were two churches in a town, speaking of the East, one of them was sure to be sacred to St. George. See Churchill, IV. p. 38, 39.

page 5 note [m] Selden, § 41. See hereafter.

page 5 note [n] Heylin, p. 223. seq. Caxton's Golden Legend, f. cvii. b.

page 5 note [o] Selden, § 41. Heylin, p. 210. seq.

page 6 note [p] Selden, § 43; versus finem.

page 6 note [q] Fuller's Holy War, p. 27.

page 6 note [r] Heylin, p. 161. seq.

page 7 note [s] He refers here to the Catalogue of Authors put down by him, p. 161. seq.

page 7 note [t] Vell. Patercul. l. ii.

page 7 note [u] Vincensius Lerinensis advers. Haeres. cap. 3. whose words are: “ In “ Ecclesia Catholica illud magnopere curandum est, ut teneamus id, quod ab “ omnibus, quod semper, quod ubique, creditum est.”

page 8 note [w] This learned man was of opinion, that St. George the Martyr, of Cappadocia, was the same person as George the Arian, bishop of Alexandria. See above, p. 3.

page 8 note [x] Dr. Heylin, p. 241.

page 8 note [y] Ashmole in Appendice, passim. and see there, N° i. also the book, p. 152. 189.

page 9 note [z] See p. 15, note y.

page 9 note [a] Nicephorus Gregoras apud Seldenum, § 44. And see the citation from Baronius in that section. See also § 41. versus finem. Heylin, p. 75. 277. and Dr. Pettingal, p. 36. 44. Nicephorus indeed ends his history about 1345; but then he speaks of the Equestrian Statue of St. George, as much older. And the Apparition of the Saint at Antioch was accordingly on horseback, as Henry of Huntingdon, p. 376. represents it.

page 9 note [b] See p. 24.

page 9 note [c] Selden, § 44.

page 9 note [d] Of St. George, as a great Russian Saint; see Heylin, p. 278. And for the coins, in particular, see Dr. Pettingal, p. 25; and what will be advanced concerning them hereafter, p. 10.

page 9 note [e] Selden, § 44. Gordon's Geograph. Grammar, p. 79.

page 10 note [f] Bellerophon he deduces, p. 11. from Baal, or Belrophe, the God of Healing; and Perseus, p. 12. from Peres, an horseman.

page 10 note [g] Heylin, p. 125. seq. 334.

page 11 note [h] Dr. Pettingal, p. 27.

page 11 note [i] Heylin, p. 149. seq.

page 11 note [k] Ib. p. 153.

page 11 note [l] Mr. Wheatley, on the Book of Common Prayer, p. 64. Mr. Butler, in Lives pf Saints, 23d April.

page 12 note [m] Lactant. de mort. Persecut. c. 12. p. 862. edit. Sparke and Baluze's note, who shews the Acts of St. George, published by Henschenius, tom. III. p. 107. to be spurious.

page 12 note [n] Heylin, p. 77.

page 12 note [o] See p. 15, note y.

page 12 note [p] Manchester, 1773, 2 vol. 12mo. vol. I.

page 13 note [q] See Act of Parl. 5 & 6 E. VI. c. 3. Dr. Heylin, p. 5, As also the Statutes of the Order made by King Edw. III, King Hen. VIII. &c. in Ashmole.

page 14 note [r] Hence Dr. Byrom stiles it.

A certain moot point, of a national kind,

For it touches all England to have it defin'd,

With a little more fact, by what kind of a right,

Her Patron, her Saint, is a Cappadox Knight.

page 14 note [s] Introd. p. vi.

page 15 note [t] Selden, Titles of Honor, § 40.

page 15 note [u] Ib. Pt. II. c. 5. § 40. 42.

page 15 note [x] Heylin, p. 85. seq. 200. 235. 275. Tho. Salmon, New Hist. Account of St. George, p. 60. 62. Pt. II. p. 24.

page 15 note [y] The George was not introduced into the Insignia of the Order of the Garter till the reign of King Henry VIII. History of the most noble Order of the Garter, Lond. 1715, 8vo. chap. vii. § 6. seq. Dr. Dawson, Mem. of St. George, p. 117. 136. 140. Ashmole, p. 226.

page 16 note [z] In Legenda Aurea, cap. 56. and we are not certain that he was the first author of it. On the contrary, it is reasonable to think he had it from some vulgar story current before his time.

page 16 note [a] Jacobus flourished, at latest, A. D. 1290, Heylin, p. 13. The Order, according to Froissart, chap. 100. and Selden, § 40. was instituted A. D. 1344; but others, with greater probability, think it did not commence till 1349 or 1350. See Leland ad Cygn. Cantionem, p. 99. edit. Hearne. Selden, l. c. Dr. Heylin, p. 319. Mr. Oldys, Brit. Librarian, p. 72. Dawson's Mem. p. 42.

page 16 note [b] See before, p. 15.

page 17 note [c] St. George is supposed to have suffered under Dioclesian, A. D. 290; and Pope Gregory I. began to sit A. D. 590, leaving a space of three hundred year between them.

page 18 note [d] Alluding to the misnomers which we have above considered.

page 19 note [e] Antonius Macedo apud Fabricium in Bibliograph. Antiquar. p. 264. See also Selden, § 40. seq. Dr. Pettingal, p. iv. and viii. And Mr. Byrom himself, Stanza 9.

page 19 note [f] See Mr. Byrom's Verses quoted above.

page 19 note [g] Fabricius, Bibliogr. Antiquar. p. 267. Selden, § 41. Heylin, p. 38. 244. 278.

page 19 note [h] Camden, Remains, apud Heylin, p. 301. and see this last author, 304. and the Golden Legend, by Caxton, fol. cvii. 6.

page 19 note [i] Selden, § 40, 41. Heylin, p. 331. Duchesne says he did it at Cressy also, Ibid. and Ashmole, p. 188.

page 19 note [k] Malmsbury, iv. p. 139. Selden, § 41, See above, p. 5. note l.

page 20 note [l] The Offices of the Latin church were full of St. George. Selden, § 42. Heylin, p. 210. seq. And we may depend upon it, that, in the great intercourse which both the Saxons and Normans had with the city of Rome, service-books were constantly importing thence into our island.

page 20 note [m] See Cave's Histor. Literar. p. 389. Edit. Genev. and Heylin, p. 291. seq.

page 20 note [n] Dr. Heylin also says, that King Edward chose him for the Patron of the kingdom, p. 322. 331.

page 20 note [o] Mr. Selden.

page 21 note [p] See p. 26.

page 22 note [q] Selden, § 43.

page 22 note [r] Heylin, p. 292. where see more of Arculfus's information to the Saxons concerning our martyr.

page 22 note [s] Dr. Dawson also, in his Preface, runs into the same mistake, but see him p. 17. and Dr. Heylin, p. 290. who is against St. George's being our Saint-Protector so eaily as this, and very justly.

page 23 note [t] Selden, § 43. This is the old Saxon prose intended by Dr. Byrom. And there is another extract from this curious MS. in the same section.

page 23 note [u] Seldon, § 43. Heylin, p. 293.

page 23 note [w] Dr. Pettingal surmises, that Datianus may be a corruption rather of Athanasius; as if the story of St. George had been formed upon that of George, the heretical and infamous bishop of Alexandria, Dissert. p. 35. but the characters of the two Georges are so contrary and incompatible, that there is no probability in this. See Dr. Heylin, pt. I. chap. 3. 6, & 7. where this subject is treated at large. By a like misnomer the Golden Legend, p. 203. 207. 210. 211. calls the emperor Decius, Decyan: for he is not the same with Galyen or Gallienus, as Mr. Parkin, Answer to Stukeley's Palaeographia, p. 42.

page 23 note [x] Heylin, p. 269.

page 23 note [y] Tanner, Notit. p. 349.

page 24 note [z] Somner's Antiq. of Canterbury, p. 10.

page 24 note [a] Heylin, p. 293. Maitland, p. 1382.

page 24 note [b] Heylin, p. 294.

page 24 note [c] Tanner, Notit. p. 467.

page 24 note [d] Kennet's Par. Antiq. p. 59. Tanner, Notit, p. 418.

page 24 note [e] Tanner, Notit. p. 79.

page 24 note [f] It is evident, from the former of these seals, that the fable of the Dragon had not reached England in the 12th century.

page 25 note [g] I think it not improbable, that William, founder of the priory; had been in the Holy Land.

page 25 note [h] And when afterwards king Edward III. as Polyd. Vergil tells us, represented St. George, armed and mounted on an horse, he appeared to have followed the notions and ideas of former times. Polyd. Verg. p. 486. Edit. 1651.

page 25 note [i] P. 139, 140.

page 26 note [k] Selden, § 40. See also Camden, Britan. col. 172. Heylin, p. 322. Ashmole, p. 181.

page 26 note [l] Blomfield's Hist. of the city of Norwich, p. 825. Tanner, Notit. p. 359.

page 26 note [m] Blomfield, ib. 734. 737.

page 26 note [n] Hutchins, Dorset. i. 7.

page 27 note [o] Selden, § 40. Heylin, p. 331. Dawson, p. 46. 71. Ashmole, p. 188.

page 27 note [p] Heylin, p. 218.

page 27 note [q] Mr. Butler also, in the Lives of the Saints, 23 April, mentions this Council of Oxford. See also Ashmole, p. 469. But I find nothing about St. George in Dr. Wilkins's Councils, I. p. 515. which I much wonder at.

page 28 note [r] Selden, § 43.

page 28 note [s] Id. § 41.

page 28 note [t] See Heylin, p. 322. seq. Wheatley on the Common Prayer, p. 64.

page 29 note [u] Wilkins, Concil. I. p. 343, 377. Hickes's Thes. III. p. 11. 33. alibi.

page 29 note [w] By the Pope himself in Eadmerus, p. 100. Wilkins Concil. p. 328. Ingulphus, p. 11. Richard of Cirencester, p. 17. Archbishop Radulph in Wilkins Concil. I. p. 398. to omit the Moderns, bishop Godwyn Mr. Lambarde, Mr. Somner, Dr. Heylin, &c.

page 30 note [x] Tanner, Notit. p. 210. or Somner's Antiq. of Canterbury, p. 48. and Battely's Cantuaria Sacra, p. 164.

page 30 note [y] Wilkins, Concil. I. p. 343.

page 30 note [z] Tho. Salmon's new historical Account of St. George, p. 51. 106.

page 31 note [a] Froissart, chap. 100. Selden, § 41. Ashmole, p. 186. 467. The feast was afterwards prorogued to different times. Hist. of the Order, chap. xviii. xix.

page 31 note [b] Heylin, p. 321.

page 31 note [c] Froissart, chap. 100. This was a contemporary author. And though John Le Bel was the author of this part of the Chronicle which goes under the name of Froissart, before the battle of Poitiers, as Mr. Oldys says, Brit. Librarian, p. 69. and M. Palaye, Mem. de l' Acad. des. Insc. tom. xx. p. 316. 12mo. it amounts to the same thing, as Le Bel was a contemporary historian; and Froissart, as Mr. Oldys suggests, p. 71, here and there corrected or augmented Le Bel's performance. I thought proper to notice this, to avoid cavil.

page 31 note [d] Ad. Cygn. Cant. p. 98 of ixth vol. of Hearne's Edition of his Itinerary.

page 31 note [e] Britan. col. 171.

page 32 note [f] Selden, § 41. Heylin, p. 322. The Charter of Institution in the same author, p. 332. where see more.

page 32 note [g] Heylin, p. 331.

page 32 note [h] Chaucer's Address to the King, Lords, and Knights, after the Contents, in Mr. Urry's edition.