1 Colvin, Howard, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840, 3rd edn (London, 1995) p. 147.Google Scholar

2 Wittkower, Rudolph, ‘Burlington and his Work in York’, in Studies in Architectural History, ed. Singleton, William A. (York, 1954)Google Scholar; Royal Commission on Historical Monuments of England (hereafter RCHME), City of York, 5 (London, 1981), pp. 100–02 Google ScholarPubMed. Kingsbury, Pamela, Lord Burlington’s Town Architecture (London, 1995), pp. 42–58 Google Scholar. For an example of Burlington’s collaborative approach, albeit in another county, see Hewlings, Richard, ‘Roger Morris and Lydiard Tregoze’, Georgian Group Journal, 14 (2004), pp. 26–47 (p. 40).Google Scholar

3 York Courant, 5 April 1748.

4 Murray, Hugh, Scarborough, York and Leeds: The Town Plans of John Cossins 1697–1743 (York, 1997)Google Scholar. Haynes worked in York and Yorkshire, both engraving and supplying drawings for others to engrave. He was especially associated with antiquarian and topographical subjects. See Peltz, Lucy, ‘Haynes, John (fl. 1735–1753)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)Google Scholar; http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12780 [accessed 24 April 2008].

5 Borthwick Institute for Historical Research, York, Wandesford Hospital Papers (hereafter BIHR, WH), Box WH 11/1: Memorandum between the Trustees of the Charity and the Bricklayers (see Appendix I to this article).

6 Victoria County History, The City of York (London, 1961), pp. 420–40 (p. 426).Google ScholarPubMed

7 Pevsner, Nikolaus and Neave, David, Yorkshire: York and the East Riding, 2nd edn (London, 2002), p. 237.Google Scholar

8 RCHME, City of York, 4 (London, 1975), pp. 51–52.Google ScholarPubMed

9 Godfrey, Walter, The English Almshouse (London, 1955), p. 85 Google Scholar; Bailey, Brian, Almshouses (London, 1988), p. 150 Google Scholar; Howson, Brian, Houses of Noble Poverty: A History of the English Almshouse (Sunbury, 1993), p. 130.Google Scholar

10 Wragg, Brian, The Life and Works of John Can of York (Otley, 2000)Google Scholar.

11 Mary Wandesford was the only unmarried daughter of Sir Christopher Wandesford of Kirklington, first baronet (c. 1627–1714), MP for Ripon, and his wife Eleanor, daughter of Sir John Lowther, first baronet of Lowther Hall. Mary’s eldest brother, first Viscount Castlecomer (1656–1707), was advanced to the Irish peerage as Baron Wandesford and Viscount Castlecomer. His son, Christopher Wandesford (1684–1719), second Viscount Castlecomer, rose to be Secretary at War for George I, and married Frances Pelham, the sister of Thomas Pelham-Holles, first Duke of Newcastle. It was Christopher’s only son, also Christopher (1717–36), who was described as Mary’s heir-at-law. Mary was also the sister of Christiana, daughter-in-law of Sir William Lowther, MP for Pontefract in 1729–41 and friend of Hugh Bethel, member of the Burlington group. See Burke, Bernard, A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire (London, 1883), pp. 567–68 Google Scholar; McCall, Hardy Bertram, Story of the Family of Wandesforde of Kirklington & Castlecomer (London, 1904), p. 299 Google Scholar; Clay, John William, The Extinct and Dormant Peerages of the Northern Counties of England (London, 1913), pp. 231–36 Google Scholar. Pogson, Fiona, ‘Wandesford, Christopher (1592–1640)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, September 2004)Google Scholar; online edn, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28662 [accessed 2 May 2008].

12 BIHR, WH 14/1, Trustees Record Minute Book, 20 December 1742–1 February 1937, p. 3.

13 Astell, Mary, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of their True and Greatest Interest (n.p., n.d.), p. 36 (ECCO No. CW 114597167 [accessed on 20 March 2008])Google Scholar.

14 BIHR, WH 14/1, Trustees Record Minute Book, 20 December 1742–1 February 1937, p. 4.

15 Drake, Francis, Eboracum (London, 1736), p. 521 Google Scholar: ‘The door itself was formerly wood-work; but of late years a handsome iron one was given, painted and gilt. The donor Mrs Mary Wandesford. The two side aisles have now each of them a handsome door of iron work. These were placed here by the care, or at least sole charge of the late dean Finch, as his crest upon them testifies.’ See also Milner-White, Eric, The Wrought-Iron Work in York Minster (York, n.d. [c. 1950]), pp. 4–6.Google Scholar

16 Starkie, Andrew, ‘Blackburne, Lancelot (1658–1743)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, September 2004)Google Scholar; online edn, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/ 2516 [accessed 28 April 2008].

17 Anon., Priest-craft and Lust; or, Lancelot to his Ladies (London, 1743).

18 Aylmer, G. E. and Cant, R., A History of York Minster (Oxford, 1979), p. 450.Google Scholar

19 BIHR, WH 3, Chancery Litigation, unnumbered paper.

20 Ian R. Pattison and Hugh Murray, Monuments in York Minster, rev. edn (York, 2001), p. 85.

21 BIHR WH 3, Chancery Litigation, Chancery Relators’ Information.

22 A ‘Schedule of the Trustees of Old Maids’ Farm’, in the possession of the current owner of the farm, gives the change-over dates of Trustees from 1739 to 1908. On 28 August 1739 the Archbishop of York and Revd Edward Finch, the original trustees, were replaced by Richard Osbaldeston, Revd Marmaduke Buck and Revd Jacques Home [Sterne] as the New Trustees. The Trustees continued to be drawn from the elite tiers of the Minster hierarchy until the early twentieth century. Marmaduke Buck was originally appointed alongside Osbaldeston, but he also declined to act and was eventually replaced by Jacques Sterne, although Buck’s name continues to appear on legal documents for some time. See BIHR, WH 14/1, Trustees Record Minute Book, 20 December 1742–1 February 1937, p. 24.

23 BIHR, WH 1, Administrative Papers 1734–1938. See also BIHR, WH 30/1, Chancery Judgement, dated 14 December 1737.

24 Woodyear was a relative of Francis Drake, the city surgeon and author of Eboracum. Drake’s wife was Mary Woodyear(e) from Crook Hill, near Doncaster. Canon John Bradley was Mrs Drake’s uncle by marriage. Bradley and Woodyear appear as subscribers to Eboracum. See Barr, C. Bernard L., ‘Drake, Francis (bap. 1696, d. 1771)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)Google Scholar; http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8023 [accessed 24 April 2008].

25 John Burton writes at length about the anti-Jacobite campaign prosecuted by Sterne, in his British Liberty Endanger’d (London, 1749).

26 Sterne, Jacques, The Danger Arising to our Civil and Religious Liberty from the Great Increase of Papists, and the setting up public schools and seminaries (York, 1746), p. 16 Google Scholar (ECCO No. CW123278908 [accessed 7 November 2006]).

27 Aston, Nigel, ‘Osbaldeston, Richard (1691–1764)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, September 2004)Google Scholar; online edn, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20862 [accessed 24 April 2008]. See also Friedman, Terry, ‘The Transformation of York Minster, 1726–42’, Architectural History, 38 (1995), pp. 69–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28 BIHR, WH 14/1, Trustees Record Minute Book, 20 December 1742–1 February 1937, p. 7.

29 BIHR, WH 3, Chancery Litigation, Letter to Richard Osbaldeston dated 28 July 1737. This was ordered by the Master of the Rolls in front of the Lord Chancellor.

30 BIHR, WH 3, Chancery Litigation, Letter to Richard Osbaldeston dated 28 July 1737.

31 See John Haynes’ 1731 engraved ‘Prospect of York’ in the Museum of the Bar Convent, York. Peter F. Anson gives a detailed account of the social and political tensions regarding religious communities in The Call of the Cloister: Religious Communities and Kindred Bodies in the Anglican Communion (London, 1964), p. 15.

32 Drake, Eboracum, p. 247.

33 Wilson, N. G., ‘Wheler, Sir George (1651–1724)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, September 2004)Google Scholar; online edn, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29193 [accessed 24 April 2008].

34 Wheler, Sir George, The Protestant Monastery (n.p., 1698), p. 6.Google Scholar

35 Ibid., p. 17.

36 Dryden, John, The Assignation; or, Love in a Nunnery: a comedy (London, 1735) (ECCO No. CWi 17350589 [accessed 6 September 2006]).Google Scholar

37 Anon., Proposals for the erecting of a Protestant nunnery in the City of Dublin (Dublin, 1736) (ECCO No. CW104880006 [accessed 6 September 2006]). Despite the coincidence of timing it is unlikely that this poem refers to the Wandesford project. Under the pseudonym Andrew Moreton, Daniel Defoe published The Protestant monastery: or, A complaint against the brutality of the present age (London, 1727) (ECCO No. CW117487401 [accessed 6 September 2006]), in which he also proposes such an institution. The allure of the nun was also lamented by ‘Gatteus’, in ‘To a Lady going into a close Retirement where formerly was a Nunnery’, in A Collection of all the pamphlets that were written pro and con on the British Distillery (n.p., 1736), p. 675 (ECCO No. CW106090461 [accessed 6 September 2008]).

38 Anon., Proposals for the erecting a Protestant nunnery, p. 6.

39 BIHR, WH 14/1, Trustees Record Minute Book, 20 December 1742–1 February 1937, p. 3.

40 BIHR, WH 30/1, Chancery Judgement, 14 December 1737.

41 BIHR, WH 4, copy of the rules of Wandesford Hospital, dated 1 February 1742. The rules, which were drawn up by the Trustees, partly focus on ingress and egress and the locking of doors. While constraining the residents, they make plain the fact that this was not to be a closed institution. Through the framing of the rules, a ‘Religious House or Protestant Retirement’ had been transformed into an almshouse. The distinctions lie principally in the absence of requirements to take holy orders, to fast and abstain from meat, and the equal status of the residents. The liberty of the individual to come and go was also clear.

42 For Bowes’ appointment to act on behalf of the Trustees of the Hospital, see BIHR, WH 3, Chancery Litigation, legal instrument by Jacques Sterne dated 21 December 1739: ‘I Have constituted and appointed and by these presents Do make and constitute and appoint in our place and stead William Bowes of the City of York aforesaid Gentleman and true and lawful Attorney for us in our joint names.’

43 BIHR, WH 14/1, Trustees Record Minute Book, 20 December 1742–1 February 1937, p. 9.

44 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, ‘Work done by the day for pulling down the Stables and Coach Houses and Dressing the Old Bricks and Cleaning the Gravel and diging [sic] the Foundations’. Richard Nelstrop(e) was probably the plasterer ‘Nelthorne’, who worked on the York Mansion House ( Beard, Geoffrey, Georgian Craftsmen and Their Work, (London, 1966), p. 24)Google Scholar.

45 Colvin, Dictionary, pp. 23–24.

46 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, Memorandum between Trustees and the Carpenter.

47 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, Memorandum between Trustees and the Carpenter.

48 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, Memorandum between the Trustees and the Bricklayers.

49 BIHR, WH 11/1, ‘Building and repair accounts and estimates, Work done by the day for pulling down the Stables and Coach Houses and Dressing the Old Bricks and Cleaning the Gravel and diging [sic] the Foundations’, and ‘Measurement of Bricklaying Work done for the new hospital out of Bootham Bar’.

50 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, ‘An Estimate of the Charge of Brick Work Tiling Paving and Plastering of Mrs Wansforth [sic] Hospital’ (undated).

51 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, Memorandum between Trustees and the Carpenter.

52 BIHR, WH 6/1, Account Book 1739–1850, ‘Disbursement to Timothy Mortimer for land tax and other assessments and charges belonging to Mrs Mary Wandesford Hosp by the Dr Rev Sterne £4.7.9. Feb 5 174/2’.

53 See Worsley, Giles, The British Stable (London, 2004), pp. 124–59.Google Scholar

54 Palladio, Andrea, The Four Books of Architecture (New York, 1965 Google Scholar; facsimile reprint of Isaac Ware’s 1738 edition), Book II, pis 38 (Villa Emo) and 39 (Villa Saraceno).

55 Morris, Robert, Rural Architecture: consisting of regular designs of plans and elevations for buildings in the country (London, 1750)Google Scholar, Introduction (ECCO No. CW106274786 [accessed 29 March 2007]).

56 BIHR, WH 14/1, Trustees Record Minute Book, 20 December 1742–1 February 1937, p. 2.

57 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, Letter to anonymous recipient signed ‘with orders under the hands of three trustees, 6 Feb 1739’.

58 BIHR, 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, Memorandum between Trustees and the Carpenter.

59 In BIHR, 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates.

60 In BIHR, 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates.

61 BIHR, WH 3, Chancery Litigation. This oath was sworn in the City of York between ‘His majesty’s Attorney-General at the Relation of John Bradley and others, and John Wandesford, Clerk and others’.

62 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, carpenter’s bill dated 3 July 1741.

63 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, ‘Account of Building and Work necessary to be done in and about Wandesford Hospital’.

64 Colvin, Dictionary, p. 672; Linstrum, Derek, West Yorkshire: Architects and Architecture (London, 1978), p. 382 Google Scholar; Leach, Peter, ‘The Thompson Mausoleum and Its Architect’, The Georgian Group Journal, 8 (1998), pp. 33–44 (p.37).Google Scholar

65 Cited in Colvin, Dictionary, p. 672.

66 For the similarity between the almshouses, see Victoria County History, The Borough and Liberties of Beverley (London, 1989), p. 186 Google Scholar. For the dating of Tymperon’s Hospital, see p. 269.

67 This building has been exhaustively discussed. In addition to the works listed in note 2 above, see Lees-Milne, James, ‘Lord Burlington in Yorkshire’, Architectural Review, 98 (July 1945), pp. 11–18 Google Scholar; Lees-Milne, James, Earls of Creation: Five Great Patrons of Eighteenth-Century Art (Harmondsworth, 1962)Google Scholar; Alec-Smith, R. A., ‘The York Assembly Rooms Restored’, Country Life, 22 June 1951, pp. 1964–67.Google Scholar

68 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, Memorandum between Trustees and the Carpenter (see Appendix II). See also YCA, M 23:1, Assembly Rooms Directors’ Minute Book, 23 October 1736: ‘John Terry do set out the ground for the intended new building.’ John Terry contracted to execute William Kent’s design for a ‘New Throne and Pulpit’ in 1740 ( Friedman, Terry, ‘The Transformation of York Minster, 1726–42’, Architectural History, 38 (1995), pp. 69–90 (p. 83))CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

69 YCA, M 23:1, Assembly Rooms Directors’ Minute Book, 20 October 1736.

70 Kingsbury, Town Architecture, p. 45.

71 YCA, M 23:1, Assembly Rooms Directors’ Minute Book, 20 October 1736. Mr Gibson was the innkeeper from whom the land had been purchased in order to create this extension.

72 YCA, M 23:1, Assembly Rooms Directors’ Minute Book, 9 June 1737.

73 YCA, M 23:1, Assembly Rooms Directors’ Minute Book, 20 October 1737.

74 Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, , Rules and Orders for the Royal Academy at Woolwich (London, 1741), pp. 1–17 Google Scholar (ECCO No. CW104858375 [accessed 15 June 2007]). This document lays out the curriculum for military officers of the day.

75 Ibid., p. 15.

76 Rogers, Pat, ‘The Burlington Circle in the Provinces: Alexander Pope’s Yorkshire Friends’, Durham University Journal, n.s. 36 (1974-75), pp. 219–26 Google Scholar. See also Boynton, Lindsay, ‘Lord Burlington at Home’, in Belov’d by ev’ry muse: Richard Boyle. 3^rd Earl of Burlington and 4^th Earl of Cork, 1964–1753, ed. Arnold, Dana (London, 1994), pp. 21–28 (p. 26).Google Scholar

77 Barnard, T. C., ‘Land and the Limits of Loyalty: The Second Earl of Cork and the First Earl of Burlington (1612–98)’, in Lord Burlington: Architecture, Art and Life, ed. Barnard, Toby and Clark, Jane (London, 1995), pp. 167–99 (p. 180)Google Scholar. Robert Hooke’s diary entry for 25 November 1676 records meeting ‘Mr Moyser, Mr Man’s friend’ at Londesborough, cited in Neave, David, ‘Lord Burlington’s Park and Gardens at Londesborough, Yorkshire’, Garden History, 8/1 (Spring 1980), pp. 69–90 (p. 71)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

78 Hall, Ivan, ‘The First Georgian Restoration of Beverley Minster’, The Georgian Group Journal, 3 (1993), pp. 13–31 Google Scholar. Thomas Gent links Moyser to Hawksmoor: ‘but through the happy Interposition of John Moyser Esq.; who procured a successful brief; assisted by the Advice of Nicholas Hawksmoor Esq., famous for his knowledge in Architecture’ (The Ancient and Modern History of the Loyal Town of Rippon (York, 1733), pp. 90–91).

79 See the poem ‘Upon John Moyser, Esq., Occasioned by his being principal Agent in repairing St. John’s church Beverley’, in Henry Norris, Poems Upon Various Subjects (Hull, 1740), p. 19 (ECCO No. CW113997373 [accessed 20 March 2008]).

80 Colvin, Dictionary, p. 151. See also Lees-Milne, James, ‘Lord Burlington in Yorkshire’, p. 14.Google Scholar

81 For Burlington’s library, see Harris, John, The Palladian Revival: Lord Burlington, his Villa and Garden at Chiswick (London, 1994), pp. 270–71.Google Scholar

82 See Aston, Nigel, ‘Osbaldeston, Richard (1691–1764)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, September 2004)Google Scholar; online edn, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/ 20862 [accessed 24 April 2008]. Laurence Sterne dedicated his 1747 charity sermon, ‘The Case of Elijah and the Widow Zerephath’ to Osbaldeston (Ian Campbell Ross, Laurence Sterne: A Life (Oxford, 2001), pp. 175–76). For further evidence of Osbaldeston’s connexions, see Susan, and Neave, David, ‘The Early Life of William Kent’, Georgian Group Journal, 6 (1996), pp. 4–11 (pp. 6–7)Google Scholar. The Neaves demonstrate that he was related to William Wentworth, with whom Moyser worked on Bretton Hall.

83 See also Friedman, Terry, ‘The Transformation of York Minster’, p. 76 Google Scholar; YML, B3/2/11, ‘The Accompt of subscriptions towards the New Paving of the Cathedral Church of York’; Drake, Eboracum, p. 519.

84 YML, B3 / 2/9, Letter to Richard Osbaldeston from Thomas Jubb, 24 February 1732/3. Jubb is referred to as ‘the dean and chapter’s registrar’ in Aylmer and Cant, A History of York Minster, p. 452.

85 YCA, M 23: 4, York Assembly Rooms Account Book, passim. Payments to Mr Etty were made from as early as 2 April 1731/2 ‘for pilewood’, and continue with increasing frequency from April 1732. William Etty (c. 1675–1734) had worked at Castle Howard, the York Mansion House and Temple Newsam, and as clerk of works at Studley Royal for Colen Campbell (Colvin, Dictionary, p. 354). For an account of this extensive dynasty of first-rate carpenters and masons, see Beard, Craftsmen, pp. 22–24.

86 YCA, M 23: 4, York Assembly Rooms Account Book, 6 March 1736/7.

87 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, Memorandum between Trustees and the Carpenter (Appendix II).

88 BIHR, WH 11/1, Building and repair accounts and estimates, Letter from Bowes to Osbaldeston dated 6 August 1739.

89 Colvin, Howard, ‘Lord Burlington and the Office of Works’, in Essays in English Architectural History (London, 1999), pp. 263–67 (p. 266).Google Scholar

90 Smith, Charles Saumerez, The Building of Castle Howard (London, 1990), pp. 177–92.Google Scholar

91 Boynton, ‘Lord Burlington at Home’, p. 22; Wragg, The Life and Works of John Can, p. 7.

92 Boynton, ‘Lord Burlington at Home’, p. 22.

93 Harris, The Palladian Revival, p. 270.

94 The tall central block of Burlington’s Sevenoaks design was to be the school, while the two arcaded ranges to either side were intended as almshouses. See Kingsbury, Town Architecture, pp. 30–31; Hewlings, Richard, ‘The School and Almshouses at Sevenoaks’, Georgian Group Journal, 11 (2001), pp. 220–49.Google Scholar

95 Kingsbury, Town Architecture, p. 33.

96 Sicca, Cinzia, ‘The Architecture of the Wall: Astylism in the Architecture of Lord Burlington’, Architectural History, 33 (1990), pp. 83–101 (pp. 85–86).Google Scholar