Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-767nl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-09T00:50:14.090Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Thinking differently: An education for the Anthropocene from Uttarakhand, India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2019

Susan Germein*
Affiliation:
Centre for Educational Research, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Neema Vaishnava
Affiliation:
Lakshmi Ashram, Uttarakhand, India
*
*Corresponding author. Email: susangermein@gmail.com

Abstract

Theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of education and activism in the Anthropocene will be enriched by an embrace of non-hegemonic thinking. Lakshmi Ashram, a small girls’ school in the Himalayan mountains of Uttarakhand, India, provides an object lesson in thinking differently: in an imbrication of education/research/activism. This article acknowledges a continuing lack of attention in the literature to local, cultural and place-based diversity in transformative learning for sustainable community. However, the central story in this article is not one of critique, but rather one of a Himalayan approach to creating the pedagogical conditions for transformation in thinking and behaviour, in a connected socio-ecological community. Writing across an intercultural space, the two authors describe their ethnographic methodologies, exploring the long-term impact of a Lakshmi Ashram education on students and inhabiting the pedagogical experience of the school. A seamless flow of socio-material practice between pedagogy, research and activism in the school’s educational approach speaks to a Gandhian philosophy-in-action that is worth considering as a contribution to global educational praxis in the Anthropocene. In telling this tale of one small school’s pedagogical philosophy, the authors aim not towards ideological posturing, but towards creating further openings in thinking differently in education.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barad, K. (2003). Post-human performativity: How matter comes to matter. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28, 801831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barad, K. (2007). Meeting the universe halfway: quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Barad, K. (2012). Interview with Karen Barad. In Dolpjijn, R. & van der Tuin, I. (Eds.), New materialism: Interviews and cartographies (pp. 4870). Ann Arbor, MI: Open Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Bedi, G., & Germein, S. (2016). Simply good teaching: Supporting transformation and change through Education for Sustainability. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 32, 124133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behen, S. (2010). A life in two worlds. (Hopkins, D., Trans.) Kausani, Uttarakhand: Kasturba Mahila Utthan Mandal, Lakshmi Ashram and PAHAR, Nainital. (Original work published 1976).Google Scholar
Canagarajah, S. (2002). Reconstructing local knowledge. Journal of Language, Identity and Education, 1, 243259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakrabarty, A. (2015, September 7). Kausani’s 70-year old Lakshmi Ashram Faces Challenges. Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Kausanis-70-year-old-Lakshmi-Ashram-faces-challenges/articleshow/48847919.cmsGoogle Scholar
Chaudhury, S. (2018, February 5). The Significance of Gandhi in a Post-Truth-World. Gandhi Oration, presented at University of NSW, Sydney, Australia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koxTeq66VEMGoogle Scholar
Chhokar, K., & Chandrasekaran, S. (2006). Approaches to environmental education for sustainability in India. In Williams, M. & Lee, J. (Eds.), Environmental and geographical education for sustainability: Cultural contexts (pp. 297308). New York, NY: Nova Science Publisher.Google Scholar
Code, L. (2006). Ecological thinking: The politics of epistemic location. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Freitas, E., & Paton, J. (2009). (De)facing the self: Poststructural disruptions of the auto ethnographic text. Qualitative Inquiry, 15, 483498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devi, A.H. (n.d.). Gandhi’s concept of education and its ethical perspective for the development of peace. Retrieved from https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/g_edu.htmGoogle Scholar
Gadotti, M. (2008). What we need to learn to save the planet. Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 2, 2130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, M.K. (1931). Young India. 19 March 1931, 38. Retrieved from https://www.mkgandhi.org/indiadreams/chap02.htmGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, M.K. (1937). Harijan. 31 July. Retrieved from https://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap79.htmGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, M.K. (2004). An autobiography or the story of my experiments with truth. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Trust. (Original work published 1927)Google Scholar
Godrej, F. (2012). Ascetics, warriors, and a Gandhian Ecological Citizenship. Political Theory, 30, 437465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goulimari, P. (2017). Women writing across cultures. Angelaki, 22, 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, D. (2013). A critical theory of place-conscious education. In Stevenson, R., Brady, M., Dillon, J. & Wals, A. (Eds.), International handbook of research on environmental education (pp. 93100). New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Greenwood, D. (2014). Culture, environment and education in the Anthropocene. In Mueller, M.P., Tippins, D.J., & Stewart, A.J. (Eds.), Assessing schools for generation R (Responsibility) (pp. 279292). Rotterdam: Springer Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groff, C. (2018). The ecology of language in multilingual India: Voices of women and educators in the Himalayan foothills. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guattari, F. (2000). The three ecologies (Pindar, J. & Sutton, P., Trans.). London, UK: The Althone Press. (Original work published 1989)Google Scholar
Guha, R. (2013, July 27). Himalayan heroines: The remarkable social activists of Uttarakhand. The Telegraph. Calcutta, India.Google Scholar
Guha, R. (2019, March). 10 reasons why Gandhi still matters. Paper presented at The Hindu Lit for Life. Retrieved from https://www.thehindu.com/lit-for-life/the-hindu-lit-for-life-2019-ten-reasons-why-gandhi-still-matters/article26501072.eceGoogle Scholar
Handa, N. (2018). Education for Sustainability through Internationalisation: Transnational knowledge exchange and global citizenship. London, UK: Palgrave MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haraway, D. (2003). The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, people, and significant otherness. Chicago, IL: Prickly Paradigm Press.Google Scholar
Hoda, S. (1997). Schumacher on Gandhi. In A. Copley & G. Paxton (Eds.), Gandhi and the contemporary world. Indo-British Historical Society. Retrieved from –https://gandhifoundation.org/2007/05/21/schumacher-on-gandhi-–-by-surur-hoda/Google Scholar
Honan, E. (2014). Disrupting the habit of interviewing. Reconceptualizing Educational Research Methodology, 5, 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huckle, J., & Wals, A. (2015). The UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development: Business as usual in the end. Environmental Education Research, 21, 491505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, L. (2016). Education for sustainable development: From environmental education to broader views. In Railean, E., Walker, G., Elci, A., & Jackson, L. (Eds.), Handbook of applied learning theory and design in modern education (pp. 4164). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, L. (2017). Asian perspectives on Education for Sustainable Development. Education Philosophy and Theory, 49, 473479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juelskjær, M. & Schwennesen, N. (2012). Intra-active entanglements — An interview with Karen Barad. Kvinder, Køn +Forskning NR, 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klenk, R. (2010). Educating Activists: Development and Gender on the making of modern Gandhians. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Kumaria, P. (2003). Nature and man: Gandhian concept of Deep Ecology. Anasakti Darshan: International Journal of Nonviolence in Action, 2. Retrieved from https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/natureman.htmGoogle Scholar
Lal, V. (2000). Too deep for deep ecology: Gandhi and the ecological vision of life. In Chapple, C. & Tucker, M. (Eds.), Hinduism and ecology: The intersection of earth, sky and water (pp. 183212). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lather, P. (2016). Top ten+list: (Re)thinking ontology in (post) qualitative research. Cultural Studies – Critical Methodologies, 16, 125131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latour, B. (2004). Why has critique run out of steam? From matters of fact to matters of concern. Critical Inquiry, 30, 225–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzei, L. (2013). A voice without organs: Interviewing in posthumanist research, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 26, 732740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, V. (n.d.) Gandhiji and empowerment of women. Retrieved from https://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/womenempowerment.htmGoogle Scholar
Selby, D. (2015). Thoughts from a darkened corner: Transformative learning for the gathering storm. In Selby, D. & Kagawa, F. (Eds.) Sustainability frontiers: Critical and transformative voiced from the borderlands of sustainability education. Opladen, Germany: Barbara Budlich Publishers.Google Scholar
Selby, D., & Kagawa, F. (Eds.) (2015). Sustainability frontiers: Critical and transformative voices from the borderlands of sustainability education. Opladen, Germany: Barbara Budlich Publishers.Google Scholar
Smith, M. (2013). Ecological community, the sense of the world and senseless extinction. Environmental Humanities, 2, 2141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C., Fraser, S., & Corbett, M. (2017). Liquid modernity, Emplacement and education for the Anthropocene: Challenges for rural education in Tasmania. Australian and International Journal of Rural Education, 27, 196212.Google Scholar
Smith, C., & Watson, J. (2019). Does the rise of STEM education mean the demise of sustainability education? Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 35, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somerville, M. (2016). Environmental and sustainability education: A fragile history of the present. In Wyse, D., Hayward, L. & Pandya, J., (Eds.), The Sage handbook of curriculum, pedagogy and assessment (pp. 506522). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Somerville, M. (2017). The Anthropocene’s call to educational research. In Malone, K., Truong, S. & Gray, T. (Eds.), Reimagining sustainability in precarious times (pp. 1728). Singapore: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spry, T. (2018). Autoethnography and the Other: Performative Embodiment and a Bid for Utopia. In Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y. (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 627649). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Stratford, R. (2019). Educational philosophy, ecology and the Anthropocene. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 52, 149152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilbury, D., & Cooke, K. (2009). Education for Sustainability: The role of education in engaging and equipping people for change. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Department of the Environment and Water Resources (DEWHA) and the Australian Research Institute in Education for Sustainability (ARIES). http://aries.mq.edu.au/publications/aries/efs_brochure/pdf/efs_brochure.pdfGoogle Scholar
Tinnell, J. (2011). Transversalising the ecological turn: Four components of Felix Guattari’s ecosophical perspective. The Fibreculture Journal, 18, 3564.Google Scholar
Tuck, E., & McKenzie, M. (2015). Place in research: Theory, methodology and methods. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vaishnava, N. (2016). From Nai Talim to Swaraj: A study in reference to Lakshmi Ashram. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Gujarat Vidya Peeth, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.Google Scholar
Vaishnava, N. (2017). Research on Lakshmi Ashram: A brief introduction. Sanchar, #129e March. Retrieved from http://lakshmiashram.dk/sanchars/Sanchar129e.pdfGoogle Scholar