Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-nptnm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-18T05:19:18.920Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Environmental worldviews of Serbian and Macedonian school students

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 February 2020

Mile Srbinovski  and
Jelena Stanišić
Mile Srbinovski*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Technical Sciences, Mother Teresa University, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
Jelena Stanišić
Affiliation:
Institute for Educational Research, Belgrade, Serbia
*
*Corresponding author. Email: mile.srbinovski@unt.edu.mk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to assess the dimensionality of the revised New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) Scale in Serbian and Macedonian culture, and to use it to explore the environmental worldviews of young people in Serbia and the Republic of North Macedonia. A total of 850 pupils aged between 13 and 15 from 11 schools (5 elementary schools and 6 secondary schools) took part in this research. The dataset obtained from the scale was analysed via the principal component analysis factor extraction method, and a varimax rotation was applied. This study found all items load on four dimensions: Balance of Nature, Humans over Nature, Limits to Growth and Environmental Philosophy. Differences between subgroups occur in three out of four dimensions. The students’ environmental worldviews were determined by providing the frequency distribution of their responses. Both subgroups in the Republic of North Macedonia and Serbia are (slightly) environmentally conscious, with an ecological view of the environment. Macedonian school students have a slightly higher NEP score than their peers in Serbia, indicating more environmentally protective attitudes among them. The participants did not see the two paradigms as mutually exclusive, as do members of some industrialised societies. The rejection of the Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) by the NEP is a phenomenon that could well only be present in Western societies, whereas in less industrialised societies, the NEP and DSP could coexist in a comprehensive environmental view. With minor alterations such as word substitutions to facilitate easy comprehension of items by the respondents, the revised NEP scale will show more universal applicability outside developed communities.

Keywords

environmental worldviewrevised NEP ScaleSerbiaThe Republic of North Macedoniaschool students
Type
Article
Information
Australian Journal of Environmental Education , Volume 36 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 20 - 43
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abazi, A., Ismaili, M., & Srbinovski, M. (2008). Environmental education for sustainability in the Republic of Macedonia: Some problems and prospects. In Sorial, G.A. & Hong, J. (Eds.), The proceedings from The Fourth International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (pp. 355–360). Houston, TX: The American Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Abazi, A., Ismaili, M., & Srbinovski, M. (2009). Environmental education in the Macedonian national strategy for sustainable development: promise and prospects. In Proceedings of ACE–International Conference (pp. 681–688). Osaka, Japan: IAFOR. Retrieved from iafor.org/archives/proceedings/ACE/ACE2009_proceedings.pdfGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, D., Bultena, G., Hoiberg, E., & Nowak, P. (1982). Measuring environmental concern: the new environmental paradigm scale. Journal of Environmental Education, 13, 39–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amburgey, J.W., & Thoman, D.B. (2012). Dimensionality of the new ecological paradigm issues of factor structure and measurement. Environment and Behavior, 44, 235–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, M. (2012). The Berkshire encyclopedia of sustainability: Measurements, indicators, and research methods for sustainability. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Andevski, M. (1997). Uvod u ekološko obrazovanje [Introduction to environmental education]. Novi Sad, Serbia: Filozofski fakultet.Google Scholar
Bechtel, R.B., Corral-Verdugo, V., Asai, M., & Riesle, A.G. (2006). A cross-cultural study of environmental belief structures in the USA, Japan, Mexico, and Peru. International Journal of Psychology, 41, 145–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechtel, R.B., Corral-Verdugo, V., & Pinhiero, J.Q. (1999). Environmental belief systems: United States, Brazil and Mexico. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 122–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenguer, J., Corraliza, J.A., & Martín, R. (2005). Rural-urban differences in environmental concern, attitudes, and actions. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21, 128–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blaikie, N.W.H. (1992). The nature and origins of ecological world views: An Australian study. Social Science Quarterly, 73, 144–165.Google Scholar
Boeve-de Pauw, J. (2011). Valuing the Invaluable. The effects of individual, school and cultural factors on the environmental values of children. Antwerpen, Belgium: Garant.Google Scholar
Boeve-de Pauw, J. Donche, V., & Van Petegem, P. (2011). Adolescents’ environmental worldview and personality: An explorative study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31, 109–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogolubov, A.S. (2018). The main trends of the environmental education in Russia. http://www.ecosystema.ru/eng/feduc.htm.Google Scholar
Brayant-Tokalau, J.J. (1988). Environmental education in the South Pacific. The Environmentalist, 8, 127–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, L., Binney, W., Aleti, T., & Parker, L. (2014). Why validation is important: An example using the NEP scales. Market and Social Research, 22, 15–31.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, D.P. (2008). Oriental disadvantage versus occidental exuberance: Appraising environmental concern in India. International Sociology, 23, 5–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chowdhury, M.T. (2014). Nature of environmental education in Bangladesh: A school level assessment with reference to the national curriculum. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education, 4, 53–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corraliza, J.A., Collado, S., & Bethelmy, L. (2013). Spanish version of the New Ecological Paradigm Scale for children. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corral-Verdugo, V., & Armendáriz, L.I. (2000). The new environmental paradigm in a Mexican community. The Journal of Environmental Education, 31, 25–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deleanu, I.D. (2013). Ecological education: Proposal of implementation programs in Romania. Earth Common Journal, 3, 46–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diekmann, A., & Franzen, A. (1999). The wealth of nations. Environment and Behaviour, 31, 540–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Đokić-Ostojić, A. (2010). Attitudes and beliefs of primary school students to problems of environmental preservation and protection. Udanica, 7, 149–161.Google Scholar
Dunlap, R.E. (2008). The new environmental paradigm scale: From marginality to worldwide use. The Journal of Environmental Education, 40, 3–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunlap, R.E., & Van Liere, K.D. (1978). The new environmental paradigm: A proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results. The Journal of Environmental Education, 9, 10–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunlap, R.E., Van Liere, K.D., Mertig, A.G., & Jones, R.E. (2000). Measuring the endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: A revised NEP scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 425–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgell, M.C., & Nowell, D.E. (1989). The New Environmental Paradigm Scale: Wildlife and environmental beliefs in British Columbia. Society and Natural Resources, 2, 285–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdogan, N. (2009). Testing the new ecological paradigm scale: Turkish case. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, 1023–1031.Google Scholar
Floyd, M.F., & Noe, F.P. (1996, May). An assessment of the revised new ecological paradigm scale among visitors at two national park settings. Paper presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.Google Scholar
Freudenburg, W.R. (1991). Rural‐urban differences in environmental concern: A closer look. Sociological Inquiry, 61, 167–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furman, A. (1998). A note on environmental concern in a developing country: Results from an Istanbul survey. Environment and Behavior, 30, 520–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gambro, J.S. (1995, April). The environmental worldview of pre-service teachers. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
Geller, J.M., & Lasley, P. (1985). The new environmental paradigm scale: A reexamination. The Journal of Environmental Education, 17, 9–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillaspy, R. (2015). Environmental worldviews: Western and deep ecology. http://study.com/academy/lesson/environmental-worldviews-western-deep-ecology.html#transcriptHeaderGoogle Scholar
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gooch, G.D. (1995). Environmental beliefs and attitudes in Sweden and the Baltic states. Environment and Behavior, 27, 513–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawcroft, L.J., & Milfont, T.L. (2010). The use (and abuse) of the new environmental paradigm scale over the last 30 years: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 143–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heberlein, T.A. (1981). Environmental attitudes. Zeitschrift Fur Umweltpolitik [Journal of Environmental Policy], 2, 241–270.Google Scholar
Hodis, D.D., & Pereira, L.N. (2014). Measuring the level of endorsement of the New Environmental Paradigm: a transnational study, Dos Algarves: A Multidisciplinary e-Journal, 23. http://www.dosalgarves.com/revistas/N23/1rev23.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hunter, L.M., Hatch, A., & Johnson, A. (2004). Cross-national gender variation in environmental behaviours. Social Science Quarterly, 85, 677–694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, L.M., & Rinner, L. (2004). The association between environmental perspective and knowledge and concern with species diversity. Society and Natural Resources, 17, 517–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idrizi, A., Srbinovski, M., Jonuzi, I., & Murati-Sherifi, K. (2015). Conative component of students from secondary schools in the Republic of Macedonia. Journal of International Environmental Application and Science, 10, 1–6.Google Scholar
Iozzi, L.A. (1981). Research in environmental education 1971–1980 (ED 214 762). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics and Environmental Education.Google Scholar
Ismaili, M., Abazi, A., & Srbinovski, M. (2009, May). Students’ attitudes toward the environment. Paper presented at the XI Anniversary Scientific Conference with International Attendance, Sofia, Bulgaria.Google Scholar
Ismaili, M., Srbinovski, M., & Sapuric, Z. (2014). Students’ conative component about the environment in the Republic of Macedonia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 95–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, C.H.C. (2004). Factor structure of the new environmental paradigm scale: Evidence from an urban sample in Southern California. Psychological Reports, 94, 125–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jonuzi, I. (2009). High school students’ level of environmental education in the Republic of Macedonia (Unpublished master’s thesis). South East European University, Tetovo, Macedonia.Google Scholar
Jonuzi, I. (2012). The education system in the function of the advancement of the environment and sustainable development (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). MIT University, Skopje, Macedonia.Google Scholar
Kahn, P.H Jr. (1999). The human relationship with nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, P.H., & Kellert, S.R. (Eds.) (2002). Children and nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, F.G. (1998). A general measure of ecological behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 395–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, F.G., & Biel, A. (2000). Assessing general ecological behavior: A cross-cultural comparison between Switzerland and Sweden. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 16, 44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, F.G., Oerke, B., & Bogner, F.X. (2007). Behavior-based environmental attitude: Development of an instrument for adolescents. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 242–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellert, S.R. (2002). Experiencing nature: Affective, cognitive and evaluative development in children. In Kahn, P.H. & Kellert, S.R. (Eds.), Children and nature: Psychological, sociological and evolutionary investigations (pp. 116–149). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, M., Kennedy, F., Faughnan, P., & Hilary, T. (2006). Environmental attitudes and behaviours: Ireland in comparative European perspective. Dublin, Ireland: Environmental Protection Agency, Institute for the Study of Social Change, University College Dublin. http://www.ucd.ie/environ/reports/envirattitudesthirdrept.pdf.Google Scholar
Kilibarda, K. (1998). Moralno-ekološka kultura [Moral and ecological culture]. Belgrade, Serbia: Draganić.Google Scholar
Komlenović, Đ., & Stanišić, J. (2009). Körnzezetvédelem oktatás a Szerb Köztársaság általános iskolában Environmental Education in Serbian Primary Schools. In Bagoly-Simó, P. (Ed.), A kömyezetföldrajz didaktikäja (pp. 77–101). Cluj-Napoca, Romania: Presa Universitarä Clujeana.Google Scholar
Kopnina, H. (2012). People are not plants, but both need to grow: qualitative analysis of the new ecological paradigm scale for children. Environmentalist 32, 394–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kortenkamp, K.V., & Moore, C.F. (2006). Time, uncertainty, and individual differences in decisions to cooperate in resource dilemmas. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krajhanzl, J. (2010). Environmental and pro-environmental behavior. School and Health, 21, 251–274.Google Scholar
Kundačina, M. (1991). Factors of training students to participate in environmental protection. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Philosophy, Skopje, Macedonia.Google Scholar
Kundačina, M. (2006). Činioci ekološkog vaspitanja i obrazovanja učenika [Factors of the environmental education of students]. Užice, Serbia: Učiteljski fakultetGoogle Scholar
La Trobe, H.L., & Acott, T.G. (2000). A modified NEP/DSP environmental attitudes scale. The Journal of Environmental Education, 32, 12–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeming, F.C., Dwyer, W.O., & Bracken, B.A. (1995). Children’s environmental attitude and knowledge scale: Construction and validation. The Journal of Environmental Education, 26, 22–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Hebel, F., Montpied, P., & Fontanieu, V. (2014). What can influence students’ environmental attitudes? Results from a study of 15-year-old students in France. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 9, 329–345.Google Scholar
Lück, M. (2003). The ‘New Environmental Paradigm’: Is the scale of Dunlap & Van Liere applicable in a tourism context? Tourism Geographies, 5, 228–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maloney, M.P., Ward, M.P., & Braucht, G.N. (1975). A revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 30, 787–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manoli, C., Johnson, B., & Dunlap, R.E. (2007). Assessing children’s views of the environment: Modifying the new ecological paradigm scale for use with children. Journal of Environmental Education, 38, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markovska, D. (2002). Porodica i vrtić u prvim koracima ekološkog edukovanja predškolske dece [Family and kindergarten in the first steps of the environmental education of preschool children]. Šabac, Serbia: Viša škola za obrazovanje vaspitača.Google Scholar
Mayer, F.S., & Frantz, C.M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 503–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milfont, T.L. (2007). Psychology of Environmental Attitudes, A cross-cultural study of their content and structure. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis). The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Mišković, M. (1997). Ekološka kriza i ekološka svest omladine [Ecological crisis and environmental awareness of youth]. Šabac, Serbia: Viša škola za obrazovanje vaspitača and Belgrade, Serbia: Eko Centar.Google Scholar
Noe, F.P., & Snow, R. (1990). The new environmental paradigm and further scale analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21, 20–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nooney, J.G., Woodrum, E., Hoban, T.J., & Clifford, W.B. (2003). Environmental worldview and behavior: Consequences of dimensionality in a survey of North Carolinians. Environment and Behavior, 35, 763–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pahl, S., Harris, P., Todd, H.A., & Rutter, D. (2005). Comparative optimism for environmental risks. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pallak, M.S., Cook, D.A., & Sullivan, J.J. (1980). Commitment and energy conservation. In Bickman, L (Ed.), Applied social psychology annual (pp. 235–253). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Palmer, J.A. (2003). Environmental education in the 21st century, theory, practice, progress and promise. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rideout, B.E., Hushen, K., McGinty, D., Perkins, S., & Tate, J. (2005). Endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm in systematic and e-mail samples of college students. Journal of Environmental Education, 36, 15–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J.A., & Bacon, D.R. (1997). Exploring the subtle relationships between environmental concern & ecologically conscious consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 40, 79–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schetzer, L., Stackman, R.W., & Moore, L.F. (1991). Business-environment attitudes and the new environmental paradigm. Journal of Environmental Education, 22, 14–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, P.W. (2001). The structure of environmental concern: Concern for self, other people, and the biosphere. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 327–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, P.W., Gouveia, V.V., Cameron, L.D., Tankha, G., Schmuck, P., & Franek, M. (2005). Values and their relationship to environmental concern and conservation behavior. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 457–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, P.W., Unipan, J.B., & Gamba, R.J. (2000). Acculturation and ecological worldview among Latino Americans. Journal of Environmental Education, 31, 22–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Šehović, S. (2012). Uloga ekološkog obrazovanja u zaštiti i unapređivanju životne sredine [The role of ecology education in environmental protection and advancement]. Danubius. Retrieved from http://danube-cooperation.com/danubius/2012/06/18/uloga-ekoloskog-obrazovanja-u-zastiti-unapredivanju-zivotne-sredine/Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2001). Environmental education in primary and secondary schools in the Republic of Macedonia: a biological point of view (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Skopje, Macedonia.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2003a). Factors which determine environmental consciousness and culture of the young people in the Republic of Macedonia. In Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation (pp. 329–336). Skopje, Macedonia: Macedonian Ecological Society.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2003b). Methodological problems in environmental education. In Slavova, S., Lorinkov, I., Mincev, V., & Bozkova, M. (Eds.), Proceedings Pedagogical College (pp. 227–229). Shoumen, Bulgaria: Shumen University Konstantin Preslavski.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2004a). What is environmental education? Prosvetno Delo, 4/5, 65–97.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2004b). The teacher as a factor of environmental education in Macedonian schools. In Atanasova-Vukova, A., Ignatovski, D., & Toceva, J. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Jubilee Conference of the Faculty of Education Education and Experience (pp. 71–76). Shoumen, Bulgaria: Shumen University Konstantin Preslavski.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2004c). Objects of biology teaching and students’ environmental education. Vaspitanje i obrazovanje, 3, 40–53.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2005a). Environmental education. Skopje, Macedonia: Prosvetno Delo.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2005b). The relationships between some cognitive and affective environmental educational areas. SEEU (South-East European University) Review, 2, 223–239.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2006). Afektivni odnos učenika prema životnoj sredini Affective Relations of Students towards the Environment. Pedagogija, 61, 198–204.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2013). Environmental education in Macedonian schools: A comparative analysis of textbooks. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 12, 163–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srbinovski, M. (2016). Gender differences in environmentalism: A case study of Macedonian students. Teaching Innovations, 4, 101–114.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M., Erdogan, M., & Ismaili, M. (2010a). Environmental literacy in the science education curriculum in Macedonia and Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 4528–4532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srbinovski, M., Ismaili, M., & Abazi, A. (2010b, July). Environmental education for sustainability across the new Macedonian curriculum. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (pp. 373–380). Houston, TX: The American Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M., Ismaili, M., & Abazi, A. (2011). The trend of the high school students’ level of environmental knowledge in the Republic of Macedonia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1395–1400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srbinovski, M., & Palmer, J. (2008). Environmental education in Macedonian schools: An analysis of curriculum content and supporting materials for teaching and learning. Ecology, Biology and Biotechnology, 4, 19–30.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M., Palmer, J., Ismaili, M., Abazi, A., & Zenki, V. (2007, October). Environmental Education in the 21st century. Paper presented at the III Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia, with International Participation, Skopje, Macedonia.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M., Idrizi, A., & Jonuzi, I. (2014, May). Attitudes of Macedonian high school students towards the environment. Paper presented at the 5th World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance, Istanbul, Turkey.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M., Ismaili, M., & Jonuzi, I. (2013). Students’ environmental education level in Macedonian secondary schools. In Proceedings of the 4th Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia with International Participation (pp. 118–123). Skoplje, Macedonia: Macedonian Ecological Society.Google Scholar
Srbinovski, M., Ismaili, M., & Zenki, V. (2014). Didactic preconditions for environmental education in Macedonian secondary schools. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 88–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanišić, J. (2008). Ekološko vaspitanje i obrazovanje učenika u osnovnoj školi [Environmental education of pupils in primary schools] (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy.Google Scholar
Stanišić, J. (2011). Teacher’s qualifications for accomplishing the goal of ecological education in Serbia. In Arnaut, M. (ed.), Proceedings of the III International Scientific Conference on Teacher Education for the Future (987–1000). Zenica, Bosnia & Herzegovina: Pedagogical Faculty of the University of Zenica.Google Scholar
Stanišić, J. (2016). Characteristics of teaching environmental education in primary school. Teaching innovations, 4, 87–100.Google Scholar
Stanišić, J., & Maksić, S. (2014). Environmental education in Serbian primary schools: Challenges and changes in curriculum, pedagogy, and teacher training. The Journal of Environmental Education, 45, 118–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, P.C., Dietz, T., & Kalof, L. (1993). Value orientations, gender, and environmental concern. Environment and Behavior, 25, 322–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, E., Edge, A., & West, A. (2001) Environmental education in the educational systems of the European Union. Brussels, Belgium: Environment Directorate-General of the European Commission.Google Scholar
Thapa, B. (2001). Environmental concern: A comparative analysis between students in recreation and park management and other departments. Environmental Education Research, 7, 39–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2011). International Standard Classification of Education. Montreal, Canada: Author. http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/isced-2011-en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Uyeki, E.S., & Holland, L.J. (2000). Diffusion of pro-environment attitudes. American Behavioral Scientist, 43, 646–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Petegem, P., & Blieck, A. (2006). The environmental worldview of children: A cross‐cultural perspective. Environmental Education Research, 12, 625–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vikan, A., Camino, C., Biaggio, A., & Nordvik, H. (2007). Endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: a comparison of two Brazilian samples and one Norwegian sample. Environment and Behavior, 39, 217–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, K., & Halse, C.M. (2005). Environmental attitudes of pre-service teachers: A conceptual and methodological dilemma in cross-cultural data collection. Asia Pacific Education Review, 6, 59–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weigel, R., & Weigel, J. (1978). Environmental concern: The development of a measure. Environment and Behavior, 10, 3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiseman, M., & Bogner, F.X. (2003). A higher-order model of ecological values and its relationship to personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 783–794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodworth, B.L., Steen-Adams, M., & Mittal, P. (2011). Role of an environmental studies course on the formation of environmental worldviews: A case study of a core curriculum requirement using the NEP scale. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 1, 126–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J.P., Zi, F., Liu, X.W., Wang, G.X., Yang, Z.H., Li, M., … Li, Q.L. (2012). Measurement of the New Ecological Paradigm: Revision and application of the NEP Scale in China. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 11, 8–13.Google Scholar
Zelezny, L.C., Chua, P.-P., & Aldrich, C. (2000). Elaborating on gender differences in environmentalism. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 443–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar