² Ivić, Aleksa, Migracija Srba u Hrvatsku tokom XVI, XVII, i XVIII stoljeća. Naselja srpskih zemalja [Migration of the Serbs to Croatia in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries] (Subotica: Srpska Kraljevska Akademija, 1923)Google Scholar; Ivić, Aleksa, Migracija Srba u Slavoniju tokom XVI, XVII, XVIII stoljeća [Migration of the Serbs to Slavonia in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth Centuries] (Subotica: Srpska Kraljevska Akademija, 1926)Google Scholar; Ivić, Aleksa, “Istorijski pregled” [Historical Survey], Vojvodina. Izdala Novosadska Sekcija Udruženja Jugoslavenskih Inžinjera i Arhitekta, Vol. I (1924), pp. 38–56Google Scholar. See also Stanojević, Stanoje, “Politički i kulturni značaj Vojvodine” [The Political and Cultural Significance of the Vojvodina]Google Scholar, ibid., pp. 57–83; Grujić, Radoslav M., Istoriski značaj Srba u Hrvatskoj [The Historical Significance of the Serbs in Croatia]. In Biblioteka Srpskog Kulturnog Kluba [Library of the Serbian Cultural Club] (Belgrade: Srpski Kulturni Klub, 1940), pp. 8–19Google Scholar; and Pribićević, Adam, Naseljavanje Srba po Hrvatskoj i Dalmaciji [The Settlement of the Serbs in Croatia and Dalmatia] (Windsor, Ontario, 1955).Google Scholar

³ On the Serbian nobility, see Popović, Dušan, Srbi u Vojvodini [The Serbs in the Vojvodina] (Novi Sad: Matica srpska, 1959), pp. 166–167Google Scholar. On high-ranking officers of Serbian background, see ibid., pp. 165–166.

⁴ On the Serbian Revolution, see Djordjević, Miroslav, Politička istorija Srbije [The Political History of Serbia] (Belgrade: Prosveta, 1956), Vol. 1, pp. 22–24 and 83–89Google Scholar. This work has never been completed.

⁵ On the part played by the frontiersmen in the formation of the regular army in Serbia, see Petrović, I., “Vojna Granica i srpska vojska” [The Military Frontier and the Serbian Army], Glasnik istorijskog društva, Vol. IX (1936), pp. 335–346.Google Scholar

⁶ Noyes, George Rapall, The Life and Adventures of Dimitrije Obradović (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1913)Google Scholar; Kostić, Mita, Dositej Obradović u istoriskoj perspektivi [Dositej Obradović in Historical Perspective] (Belgrade: Srpska Akademija Nauka, 1952).Google Scholar

⁷ Among them were Orfelin, Zaharije (1726–1785)Google Scholar, a writer, engraver, and calligrapher; Rajić, Jovan (1726–1801)Google Scholar, an historian; Daničić, Djuro (1825–1882)Google Scholar, a philologist; and a score of others.

⁸ Kiszling, Rudolf, Die Revolution im Kaisertum Österreich 1848–1849 (2 vols., Vienna: Universum, 1948)Google Scholar; Rothenberg, Gunther E., The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522–1747. Vol. XLVIII of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. 1960), pp. 102–107.Google Scholar

⁹ Šupljikac died on December 5, 1848—the very day that the emperor confirmed his new rank. During most of the struggle the Serbs were left without a vojyoda. The patriarch wanted to be and succeeded in becoming the central figure of the national movement. Ćorović, Vladimir, Istorija Jugoslavije [The History of Yugoslavia] (Belgrade: Narodno Delo, 1933), p. 496.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Stanojević, , “Politički i kulturni značaj Vojvodine,” p. 64.Google Scholar

¹¹ Ivić, , “Istorijski pregled,” p. 52.Google Scholar

¹² Stanojević, , “Politički i kulturni značaj Vojvodine,” pp. 65–79Google Scholar; Ivić, , “Istorijski pregled,” p. 53.Google Scholar

¹³ Kann, Robert A., The Multinational Empire: Nationalism and National Reform in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1848–1918 (2 vols., New York: Columbia University Press, 1950), Vol. I, p. 287Google Scholar. See also Seton-Watson, R. W., The Southern Slav Question and the Habsburg Monarchy (London: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1911), p. 51.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Seton-Watson, , The Southern Slav Question, p. 51.Google Scholar

¹⁵ On Svetozar Miletić, see Petrović, Nikola, Svetozar Miletić (Belgrade: Nolit, 1958)Google Scholar; and “Spomenica Svetozara Miletića” [The Memorial of Svetozar Miletić], Letopis Matice Srpske, Vol. CCCVII, No. 3 (1926).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Jovanović, Slobodan, Druga Vlada Miloša i Mihaila [The Second Government of Miloš and Mihailo] (Belgrade: G. Kon, 1933).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Popović, Dušan, “Polit-Desančić Mihajlo,” Narodna Enciklopedija (Croatian edition) (4 vols., Zagreb: Bibliografski zavod D. D., 1928–1929), Vol. III (1928), pp. 540–541.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Prodanović, Jaša, “Tomić, Jaša,”Google Scholaribid., Vol. IV (1929), pp. 825–826.

¹⁹ McClellan, Woodford D., Svetozar Marković (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1964)Google Scholar; Skerlić, Jovan, Svetozar Marković (Belgrade: Nova Štamparija, 1922)Google Scholar; Jovanović, Slobodan, “Svetozar Marković,” in Političke i pravne rasprave [Political and Legal Essays], Vol. I (Belgrade: G. Kon, 1932), pp. 61–297.Google Scholar

²⁰ Prodanović, Jaša, “Srpska narodna slobodoumna stranka u Ugarskoj” [The Serbian National Liberal Party in Hungary], Narodna Enciklopedija, Vol. IV (1929), pp. 364–365.Google Scholar

²¹ Prodanović, Jaša, “Radikalna stranka u Ugarskoj, Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji” [The Radical Party in Hungary, Croatia, and Slavonia]Google Scholar, ibid., Vol. III (1928), pp. 764–765.

²² They were the Serbian Independent Party in Croatia-Slavonia, the Democratic Party, and the Serbian Independent Party in Hungary.

²³ On the ethnic and social implications of the migration of the Serbs from the Ottoman empire, see Semjan, Miša, Istorija Krajišnika i kućne zadruge u ratnoj državi [The History of the Frontiersmen and the House Commune in the State at War]. In Spomenik SAN, Vol. CVIII (Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences, 1960)Google Scholar. See also the criticism of this book by Moačanin, Fedor in “O nekim problemima iz historije Vojne Krajine” [On Some Problems concerning the History of the Military Frontier], Historijski zbornik, Vol. XVII (1964), pp. 327–357.Google Scholar

²⁴ Bidermann, Hermann I., “Die Serben-Ansiedlungen in Steiermark und in Warasdiner Grenz-Generalate,” Mittheilungen des Historischen Vereins für Steiermark, Vol. XXXI (1883), pp. 38–39Google Scholar; Lopašic, Radoslav (ed.), Spomenici Hrvatske Krajine [Monuments of the Croatian Frontier] (2 vols., Zagreb: Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti, 1884–1885), Vol. I, pp. 28–32Google Scholar (an invaluable collection of sources on the earlier period of the Military Frontier); Radonić, Jovan, Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje [The Roman Curia and the South Slav Lands]. In SAN Posebna izdanja [Serbian Academy of Sciences. Special Editions], Vol. CLV (Belgrade: Srpska Akademija Nauka, 1950), pp. 43–44.Google Scholar

²⁵ Kovačević, J., Srbi u Hrvatskoj i veleizdajnička parnica 1909 [The Serbs in Croatia and the High Treason Trial] (Belgrade, 1909), pp. 16–25Google Scholar. The author discusses the origin and meaning of the term “Vlach” and shows how it was used interchangeably with the terms “Serbs” and “Rašani.”

²⁶ Rothenberg, , The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522–1747, p. 30.Google Scholar

²⁷ Ibid.; Bösendorfer, Josip, Agrarni odnosi u Slavoniji [Agrarian Relations in Slavonia] (Zagreb: Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti, 1950), p. 73Google Scholar. On earlier frontier organizations, including the Senj (Zengg) and Bihać (Wihitsch) captaincies and the Maritime Frontier Region, see Rothenberg, , The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522–1747, pp. 16, 29, 54, 66, and 68–75Google Scholar; and Radeka, Milan, Srbi i pravoslavlje Gornje Krajine (Povodom 250-godišnjice karlovačkog vladičestva) [The Serbs and Orthodoxy in the Upper Frontier. On the Occasion of the 250th Anniversary of the Karlovac Diocese] (Zagreb, 1963), pp. 9–13Google Scholar. On the periodization of the Military Frontier, see Moačanin, Fedor, “Periodizacija Vojne Kranine” [The Periodization of the Military Frontier], Historijski zbornik, Vol. XIII (1960), pp. 111–117.Google Scholar

²⁸ Rothenberg, , The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522–1747, p. 51Google Scholar. See also ibid., p. 71; and Radeka, , Srbi i pravoslavlje Gornje Krajine, pp. 41–47.Google Scholar

²⁹ See Lopašić, , Spomenici Hrvatske Krajine, Vol. II, pp. 141 and 144Google Scholar. In the second half of the sixteenth century the Hungarian and Croatian diets adopted drastic measures against the “Vlachs.” They captured and sold them as slaves, impaled them, expelled them from the country, etc. On the attitude of the Croatian nobility towards the Serbs, see Grujić, Istoriski značaj Srba u Hrvatskoj, pp. 19–21Google Scholar. See also Rothenberg, , The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522–1747, p. 71.Google Scholar

³⁰ Called “Grenzer” in German and “graničari” or “krajišnici” in Serbo-Croatian. In the Vojvodina they were sometimes also called “hajduks” or “militari.”

³¹ Bösendorfer, , Agrarni odnosi u Slavoniji, p. 73Google Scholar; Rothenberg, , The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522–1747, p. 73Google Scholar; ŠiŠić, Ferdo, Hrvatski saborski spisi. In Acta Comitialia. Monumenta Spectantia Historiam Slavorum Meridionalium (5 vols., Zagreb: Jugoslavenski Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti, 1912–1918), Vol. I, pp. 479–490Google Scholar; Suˇević, Branko P., “Razvitak ‘vlaških prava’ u Varaždinskom generalatu” [The Development of “Vlach Laws” in the Varaždin Generalcy], Historijski zbornik, 1953, No. 6, pp. 33–70.Google Scholar

³² Vaniˇek, Franz, Spezialgeschichte der Militärgrenze aus den Originalquellen und Quellenwerken geschöpft (2 vols., Vienna: Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1875), Vol. I, pp. 86–88.Google Scholar

³³ Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, pp. 405–411Google Scholar. See also Szálay, Läszlo, A magyarországi szerb telepek job viszonya az államhoz [The Good Relations of the Serbian Settlements in Hungary to the State] (Pest: G. Heckenast, 1861), pp. 127–129Google Scholar; and Picot, Émile, Les Serbes de Hongrie, leur histoire, leur privilèges, leur église, leur état politique et social (Prague: Grégr and Dattel, 1873).Google Scholar

³⁴ Radonić, Jovan, Grof Djordje Branković i njegovo vreme [Count Djordje Branković and His Time] (2nd ed., Belgrade: Srpska Kraljevska Akademija, 1929)Google Scholar; Milutinović, Kosta, “Branković, Djordje, grof,” Enciklopedija Jugoslavie, Vol. II (1956), pp. 179–180.Google Scholar

³⁵ Veselinović, Rajko L., Arsenije III Čarnojević u istoriji i književnosti [Arsenije III Čarnojević in History and Literature]. Published under the Auspices of Srpska Akademija Nauka (Belgrade: Srpska Akademija Nauka, 1949)Google Scholar; Radojčić, Djordje S., “Arsenije III Čarnojević,” Enciklopedija Jugoslavie, Vol. I (1955), pp. 214–215.Google Scholar

³⁶ On the privileges given the Serbs at different times, see Radonić, Jovan and Kostić, Mita, Srpske privilegije od 1690 do 1792 [Serbian Privileges from 1690 to 1792] (Belgrade: Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti, 1954)Google Scholar. See also Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, pp. 18–20Google Scholar. Various rescripts, edicts, decrees, and orders were later codified in the Declaratorium of 1779 and the Consistorial System of 1782. Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, pp. 632–633.Google Scholar

³⁷ On the Vojvodina, see Radonitch, Yovan, Le Banat (Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1919)Google Scholar; Radonitch, Yovan, La Batchka (Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1919)Google Scholar; and Radonitch, Yovan, Histoire des Serbes de Hongrie (Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1919).Google Scholar

³⁸ Popović, Dušan, Velika Seoba Srba 1690 [The Great Serbian Migration of 1690] (Belgrade: Srpska Knjižeyna Zadruga, 1954), pp. 11–13Google Scholar. On Lika and Krbava, see Narodna Enciklopedija (Serbian edition), Vol II, pp. 566–570Google Scholar; and Vaniček, , Spezialgeschichte der Militärgrenze, Vol. I, pp. 147–148.Google Scholar

³⁹ Popović, Dušan, Srbija i Beograd [Serbia and Belgrade] (Belgrade: “Kultura,” 1950), pp. 34–36, 59–69, and 118–120.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Jakšić, Milutin, O Arseniju IV Jovanoviću Šakabenti [About Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta] (Sremski Karlovci, 1899)Google Scholar; Radojčić, Djordje S., “Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta,” Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. I (1955), pp. 15–16.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Istorija naroda Jugoslavije [History of the Peoples of Yugoslavia] (2 vols., Belgrade: Prosveta, 1953–1960), Vol. II, pp. 1078–1079Google Scholar; Jugoslavije, Enciklopedija, Vol. I (1955), p. 333.Google Scholar

⁴² Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, p. 110.Google Scholar

⁴³ In Russia the Serbs were settled in two frontier colonies: Novaia Serbiia and Slaviano-Serbiia. Kostić, Mita, “Srpska naselja u Rusiji: Nova Srbija i Slavenosrbija” [Serbian Settlements in Russia: Nova Srbija and Slavenosrbija], Etnografski Zbornik [Ethnographic Symposium]. In Srpska Kraljevska Nauka, Vol. XXVI (Belgrade: Srpska Kraljevska Akademija, 1923), pp. 1–136Google Scholar; Grujić, Radoslav M., “Prilozi za istoriju seoba Srba u Rusiju” [Contributions to the History of the Migration of Serbs to Russia], Spomenik, Vol. LI (1903), pp. 70–79.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, pp. 123–127.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Ibid., pp. 123–126.

⁴⁶ Stajić, Vasa, Gradjansko pravo, p. 234.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, p. 136Google Scholar; Ekonomski Institut NR Srbije, Proizvodne snage NR Srbije [Productive Forces of PR Serbia] (Belgrade: Ekonomski Institut, 1953)Google Scholar; Schwicker, Johann Heinrich, Geschichte des Temeser Banats (Pest: L. Aigner, 1861)Google Scholar; Böhm, Léenart, Délmagyarorszag vagy az ugynevezett Bánság külön történelme [The Special History of Southern Hungary or of the so-called Banat] (Pest: Emich G., 1867).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Vaniček, , Spezialgeschichte der Militärgrenze, Vol. I, p. 486Google Scholar; Rothenberg, , The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522–1747, p. 120Google Scholar; Bösendorfer, , Agrarni odnosi u Slavoniji, p. 74.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, p. 113.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ For these and other details, see ibid., pp. 114–115.

⁵¹ Included in this type of town were Brod, , Gradiška, , Zemun, (1749)Google Scholar, Petrovaradin, (1751)Google Scholar, Mitrovica, (1765)Google Scholar, Karlovci, (1765)Google Scholar, Vinkovci, (1765)Google Scholar, Bečkerek, Veliki (1769)Google Scholar, and Crkva, Bela (1777)Google Scholar. Gospić, Otočac, Brindl, Ogulin, Bjelovar, Kostajnica, Koprivnica, and Ivanić became free military communities in 1764. A certain number of Serbs also lived in the royal free towns (e. g, Novi Sad [1748], Sombor [1749], and Subotica [1779], etc.) which were represented in the diet.

⁵² See Popović, , Velika Seoba Srba 1690, pp. 138–148 and 154–166Google Scholar; Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, pp. 15–16Google Scholar; Schürnemann, K., Österreichs Bevöl kerungspolitik unter Maria Theresia (Berlin, 1936)Google Scholar; and Vaniček, , Spezialgeschichte der Militärgrenze, Vol. I, pp. 666–567.Google Scholar

⁵³ “Militär Grenzrechte für das Karlstädter und Warasdiner Generalat.” On the legal and constitutional problems of the Military Frontier, see Utiešenović, Ognieslav M., Die Militärgrenze und die Verfassung (Vienna: Manz & Comp., 1861).Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, pp. 149–150.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Vaniček, , Spezialgeschichte der Miliäargrenze, Vol. III, pp. 12–31Google Scholar; von Wrede, Alphons, Geschichte der k. u. k. Wehrmacht (5 vols., Vienna: Mitteilungen des K. und K. Kriegs-Archivs, 1898–1903), Vol. V, pp. 232–233.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, pp. 151–152Google Scholar; Bösendorfer, , Agrarni odnosi u Slavoniji, pp. 74–76.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Vesnić, M., “O nekim problemima Vojne Krajine u XIX stoljeću” [About Some Problems concerning Vojna Krajina in the Nineteenth Century], Historijski zbornik, Vol. XVII (1964), pp. 359–383.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ The Code of 1807 permitted the division of the zadruga if each heir received enough land to sustain his family and was able to supply a soldier and provided that every capable person was subject to military service within or beyond the border. Each household providing a soldier received a financial allowance, and all frontiersmen were given arms, ammunition, and clothing. The code also contained provisions on the jurisdiction of colonels, the size of regiments, a school for the training of frontier administrators, and dress and equipment. Schwicker, Johann H., Geschichte der österreichischen Militärgrenze (Vienna: K. Prochaska, 1883), pp. 261–263Google Scholar; Grundgesetze für die Carlstädter-Warasdiner, Banal, und Banatiache Militär-Grenze (Vienna, 1807)Google Scholar; Stopfer, Mathias, Erläuterungen der Grundgesetze für die Carlstädter, Warasdiner, Banal, Slavonische, und Banatische Militär-Grenze (Vienna: Gerold, 1831).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ On stirrings in the Frontier, illegal arms traffic with Serbia, etc., see Rothenberg, Gunther E., The Military Border in Croatia, 1740–1881: a Study of an Imperial Institution (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1966), pp. 105–106.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ When Napoleon conquered parts of southern Austria (Slovenia, Dalmatia, Croatia) he organized them into the Illyrian provinces and part of the Austrian Military Frontier into a French military region of Croatia.

⁶¹ Samardžić, Djordje, “Vojnička Hrvatska” [Frontier Croatia], in Godišnjak Pravnog Fakulteta, No. 8 (Sarajevo: Pravni Fakultet, 1960), pp. 315–338Google Scholar; Prpić, George, “French Rule in Croatia, 1806–1813,” Balkan Studies, Vol. V (1964), p. 221–276.Google Scholar

⁶² Bogdanov, Vaso, Istorija političkih stranaka u Hryatakoj [The History of Political Parties in Croatia] (Zagreb: Novinarsko izdavacko poduzeće, 1958), pp. 117–123.Google Scholar

⁶³ Kiszling, Rudolf, Die Kroaten. Der Schicksalsweg eines Südslawenvolkes (Graz: Hermann Böhlaus Nachf., 1956), pp. 42–43Google Scholar. A few Turkish incursions, such as those in the 1830's, no longer represented a serious threat. See also von Csaplovics, Johann, Slavonien und zum Theil Croatien (2 vols., Pest: Hartleben, 1819), Vol. II, pp. 332–338Google Scholar; and Vaniček, , Spezialgeschichte der Militärgrenze, Vol. I, pp. 174–182.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ von Volovsky, Theodor S., Die Serben in südliehen Ungarn, in Dalmatien, Bosnien, und in der Herzegovina (Vienna, 1884)Google Scholar; Picot, , Les Serbes de Hongrie, pp. 90–91.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Istorija naroda Jugoalavije (Croatian edition), Vol. II (1959), p. 1111.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Barac, Antun, Hrvatska književnost [Croatian Literature], Vol. I (Zagreb: Matica Hrvatska, 1954), pp. 163–177Google Scholar; Šidak, Jaroslav, “Gaj, Ljudevit,” Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. III (1958), pp. 417–420Google Scholar; Savković, M., “Ljudevit Gaj,” Ogledi [Mirrors] (Belgrade, 1952).Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Bogdanov, , Istorija političkih stranaka u Hrvatskoj, pp. 95–182 and 323–464.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Ibid., pp. 153–182; Bogdanov, Vaso, Društvene i političke borbe u Hrvatskoj 1848–1849 (Zagreb: Jugoslavenska Akademije, 1949)Google Scholar; Šidak, Jaroslav, “Jelačić, Josip,” Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol IV (1960), pp. 478–480.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Ćorović, , Istorija Jugoslavije, pp. 483–499.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Smičiklas, Tadija, Nacrt života i djela biskupa J. J. Štrosmajera [Sketch of the Life and Work of Bishop J. J. Strossmayer] (Zagreb: Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti, 1906).Google Scholar

⁷¹ Ćorović, , Istorija Jugoslavije, pp. 510–512.Google Scholar

⁷² Ibid., pp. 512–513.

⁷³ Seton-Watson, , The Southern Slav Question, pp. 52–54, 99, and 101–102Google Scholar; Frank, Josip, “Die Eingliederung Bosniens und der Herzegovina,” Österreichische Rundschau, Vol. XVII (1908), pp. 160–163.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Wendel, Hermann, Der Kampf der Südslawen um Freiheit und Einheit (Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter Societatsdruckerei, 1925), pp. 582–585.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Bogdanov, Vaso, Hrvatski narodni pokret 1903–1904 [The Croatian National Movement, 1903–1904] (Zagreb, 1961), pp. 287–315.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Kann, , The Multinational Empire, Vol. I, p. 252.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Ibid., p. 254.

⁷⁸ Supilo, Frano, Politika u Hrvatskoj [Politics in Croatia] (Zagreb: Kultura, 1953).Google Scholar

⁷⁹ On the Croat-Serbian Coalition, see Gross, Mirjana, Vladavina Hrvatsko-srpske Koalicije 1906–1907 [The Rule of the Croat-Serbian Coalition, 1906–1907] (Belgrade: Institut društvenih nauka, 1960).Google Scholar

⁸⁰ On the Friedjung trial and its background, see Bogdanov, Vaso, O životu i radu Frana Supila [On the Life and Work of Frano Supilo] (Zagreb, 1953)Google Scholar; Bogdanov, Vaso, “Friedjungov Proces” [The Friedjung Trial], Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. III (1958), pp. 406–408Google Scholar; and Masaryk, Thomas G., Der Agramer Hochverratsprozess und die Annexion von Bosnien und Herzegovina (Vienna: C. Konegen, 1909).Google Scholar

⁸¹ Bakotić, Lujo, Srbi u Dalmaciji [The Serbs in Dalmatia] (Belgrade: Geca Kon A. D., n. d.), pp. 31–32.Google Scholar

⁸² Ibid., p. 33.

⁸³ Ibid., pp. 34–36. On Serbian cultural and literary activities, see also Lozovina, Vinko, Dalmacija u Hrvatskoj Književnosti [Dalmatia in Croatian Literature] (Zagreb: Matica Hryatska, 1936), p. 231.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Lozovina, , Dalmacija u Hrvatskoj Književnosti, pp. 38–40.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Severna Dalmacija nekad i sad [Northern Dalmatia Once and Now] (Belgrade: Glavna Zadruga za Narodno Prosvećivanje, 1939), pp. 46–47.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Bakotić, , Srbi u Dalmaciji, p. 54.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Kann, , The Multinational Empire, Vol. I, pp. 287–288.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ On his activities and political philosophy, see Pavlinović, Marin. Mihovil Pavlinović i narodni preporod u Dalmaciji [Mihovil Pavlinović and the National Renaissance in Dalmatia] (Zagreb: Vlastita Naklada Pisca, 1936).Google Scholar See also Antoljak, Stjepan, Dalmatinsko pitanje kroz vjekove [The Dalmatian Question through the Centuries] (Zagreb: Hrvatski Izdavalački Bibliografski Zavod, 1944), pp. 262–273.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Severna Dalmacija nekad i sad.

⁹⁰ For a discussion of this issue, see Novak, Grga, Proalošt Dalmacije [Dalmatia's Past] (2 vols., Zagreb: Hrvatski Izdavalački Bibliografski Zavod, 1944), pp. 412–413.Google Scholar

⁹¹ Bakotić, , Srbi u Dalmaciji, pp. 65–68.Google Scholar For details, see Nova-ković, Stojan, Ustanak u Boci Kotorskoj 1869 [The Uprising in Boka Kotorska in 1869] (Belgrade, 1870)Google Scholar; and von Czesehka, H., Die Aufstände in Süd-dalmatien in den Jahren 1869–70 und 1881–82 (Vienna: L. W. Seidel und Sohn, 1912).Google Scholar

⁹² Tunguz-Perović, D., Ustanak hercepovačko-bokeljski 1882 [The Herze-govina-Boka Uprising in 1882] (Sarajevo, 1922).Google Scholar See also Czeschka, , Die Aufstände in Süddalmatien in den Jahren 1869–70 und 1881–82Google Scholar; and Generalstab, K. u. K., Der Aufstand in der Herzegovina, Süd-Bosnien und Süd-Dalmatien 1881–1882 (Vienna, 1883).Google Scholar

⁹³ Severna Dalmacija nekad i sad, p. 48.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Bakotić, , Srbi n Dalmaciji, pp. 88–89.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Narodna Enciklopedija (Serbian edition). Vol. I, p. 544Google Scholar; Grujić, Radoslav M., Pravoslavna srpska crkva [The Serbian Orthodox Church] (Belgrade, 1920).Google Scholar

⁹⁶ On the Serbian Church in Dalmatia, see Milaš, Nikodim, Pravoslavna Dalmacija [Orthodox Dalmatia] (Novi Sad, 1901).Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Bakotić, , Srbi u Dalmaciji, pp. 145–147.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Dedijer, Vladimir, The Road to Sarajevo (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966), pp. 133–134.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ Bakotić, , Srbi u Dalmaciji, p. 152.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Ibid., p. 168.

¹⁰¹ Ibid., pp. 170–171.

¹⁰² Ibid., pp. 171–173.

¹⁰³ Ibid., pp. 173–182. See also Antoljak, , Dalmatinsko pitanje kroz vjekove, pp. 339–342.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ For a short authoritative history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, see Kruševac, Todor, “Bosna,” Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. II (1926), pp. 52–53.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ On the government, see Schmidt, Ferdinand, Bosnien und die Herzegovina unter der Verwaltung Österreich-Ungarns (Leipzig: Veit and Co., 1914).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ On the population of the two provinces, see Pejović, Djordje, Stanovništvo Bosne i Herzegovine [The Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina] (Belgrade: Srpska Akademija Nauka, 1955).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Mabaša, A., Hrvatski i srpski nacionalni problem u Bosni za vrijeme režima Benjamina Kalaja [The Croatian and Serbian National Problem in Bosnia during the Regime of Benjamin Kállay] (Osijek, 1940).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ On the religious struggle, see Maksimović, Mirko, “Crkvene borbe i pokreti”Google Scholar [Church Struggles and Movements], in Napor Bosne i Hercegovine [The Struggle of Bosnia and Herzegovina] (Sarajevo, 1929), pp. 79–106.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ On industrialization, see Sugar, Peter F., Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1878–1918 (Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press, 1963).Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Vucinich, Wayne S., Serbia between East and West (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1954).Google Scholar

¹¹¹ It should be noted that the cause of the peasantry was represented by Otadžbina (Fatherland), whose principal backer was the author Petar Kočić. The handful of Austrophile Serbs was represented by the paper Pravda (Truth).

¹¹² The best sources on the annexation crisis are Schmitt, Bernadotte E., The Annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909 (Cambridge, England: University Press, 1937)Google Scholar; and Nintchitch, Momtchilo, La crise bosniaque (1900–1908) et lee puissances européennes (2 vols., Paris: A. Costes, 1937).Google Scholar

¹¹³ Kann, Robert A., The Multinational Empire, Vol. I, p. 292Google Scholar; Kruševac, Todor, “Politički okviri bosanskog ustava iz 1910 godine”Google Scholar [The Political Framework of the Bosnian Constitution of 1910], Pregled, 1955, No. 10, pp. 189–196.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ Bogićević, Vojislav, “Seljački pokret u Bosanskoj Krajini i Posavini 1910 godine” [The Peasant Movement in Bosnian Krajina and Posavina in 1910], Godišnjak Istoriskog društva Bosne i Hercegovine, Vol. II (1950), pp. 217–255Google Scholar; Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Vol. II (1956), p. 56.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ Masleša, Veselin, Mlada Bosna [Young Bosnia] (Belgrade: Izd. Kulture, 1945)Google Scholar; Dedijer, , The Road to Sarajevo, pp. 261–351Google Scholar; Bogićević, Vojislav, Mlada Bosna [Young Bosnia] (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1954).Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ On agriculture, see Landesregierung von Bosnien und der Herzegovina, Die Landwirtschaft in Bosnien und der Herzegovina (Sarajevo, 1899)Google Scholar; and Demmelhüber, Peter, Das Kmetenwesen in Bosnien und der Herzegovina (Doctoral dissertation, University of Erlangen, 1934).Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ On feudalism in Bosnia-Herzegovina, see Tomasevich, Jozo, Peasants, Politics, and Economic Change (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1955).Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ The most recent works on the Sarajevo assassination are Bogićević, Vojislav. Sarajevski atentat [The Sarajevo Assassination] (Sarajevo: Državni Arhiv Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, 1954)Google Scholar; Dedijer, , The Road to SarajevoGoogle Scholar; and Remak, Joachim, Sarajevo (New York: Criterion, 1959).Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ On the volunteers, see Slijepčević, Pero, “Naši dobrovoljci u Svetskom ratu” [Our Volunteers in the World War], Nova Evropa, Vol. XI, No. 17 (06 11, 1926), pp. 511–534.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ On wartime hardships, Austro-Hungarian police measures, and human and material losses, see Ćorović, Vladimir, Crna knjiga [The Black Book] (Belgrade: Izdanje I. Dj. Djurdjevića, 1920).Google Scholar

¹²¹ Schwicker, , Geschichte der österreichischen Militärgrenze, p. 42Google Scholar; Rothenberg, , The Austrian Military Border in Croatia, 1522–1747, p. 107Google Scholar; Braun, Maximilian, Die Slawen auf dem Balkan bis zur Befreiung von der türkischen Herrschaft (Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1941), p. 210.Google Scholar

¹²² Vaniček, , Spezialgeschichte der Militärgrenze, Vol. I, pp. 214–216Google Scholar; Temperley, Harold W. L., History of Serbia (London: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd., 1917), pp. 131–133Google Scholar; Picot, , Les Serbes de Hongrie, p. 105.Google Scholar

¹²³ Cited in Vaniček, , Spezialgeschichte der Militärgrenze, Vol. I, pp. 383–385.Google Scholar See also Picot, , Les Serbes de Hongrie, p. 117.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ See the sections on the Serbs in Dalmatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.

¹²⁵ Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, pp. 338–339.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, p. 624.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, pp. 20–21Google Scholar; Istorija naroda Jugoslavije, Vol. II, p. 1078.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ Grujić, Radoslav “Ilirska dvorska kancelarija” [The Illyrian Court Chancery], Narodna Enciklopedija, Vol. II, pp. 30–31Google Scholar; Schwicker, Johann H., Politische Geschichte der Serben in Ungarn (Budapest: L. Aigner, 1888), pp. 158–162Google Scholar; Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, p. 21.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, p. 631Google Scholar; Rothenberg, , The Military Border in Croatia, 1740–1881, p. 59.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, pp. 373–374.Google Scholar

¹³¹ Schwicker, , Politische Geschichte der Serben in Ungarn, pp. 262–274.Google Scholar

¹³² Kostić, Mita, Grof Koler (Belgrade: Srpska Kraljevska Akademija, 1932).Google Scholar

¹³³ Vaniček, , Spezialgeschichte der Militärgrenze, Vol. II, pp. 540–547.Google Scholar

¹³⁴ Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, pp. 628–629.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Kostić, , Grof Koler, pp. 30–38.Google Scholar

¹³⁶ On Russian cultural and linguistic influence and religious books in the first half of the eighteenth century, see Ruvarac, Dimitrije, “Mojsije Petrović, mitropolit beogradski (1713–1730)” [Mojsije Petrović, Metropolitan of Belgrade (1713–1730)], Spomenik, Vol. XXXIV (1898), pp. 82 and 148–149Google Scholar; Kostić, , Grof Koler, pp. 14–38Google Scholar; and Kapterev, N. Feodorovich, Kharakter otnoshenii Rossii k pravoslavnomu vostoku v XVI i XVII st. [The Character of the Relations of Russia with the Orthodox East in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries] (Moscow, 1885).Google Scholar

¹³⁷ Kostić, , Grof Koler, pp. 48–102 and 196–206.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ Ibid., pp. 66–82.

¹³⁹ Radonić, Jovan, Jovan Rajić 1726–1801 (Novi Sad, 1935), pp. 8–9Google Scholar; Kostić, , Grof Koler, pp. 152–161.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Juinoalovenske zemlje, p. 631.Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ Ibid.

¹⁴² Schwicker, , Politische Geschiehte der Serben in Ungarn, pp. 304–306Google Scholar; Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, p. 630.Google Scholar

¹⁴³ Kostić, , Grof Koler, pp. 159–177.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ Vaniček, , Spezialgeschichte der Militärgrenze, Vol. II, pp. 556–559.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ Kostić, , Grof Koler, pp. 1–2.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ Kann, , The Multinational Empire, Vol. I, pp. 12 and 53–58.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ Jászi, Oscar, The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1929), p. 67.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Some Serbs, such as Sava Tekelija, however, urged agreement with the Hungarians on the ground that more could be gained for the nation by Serbian-Hungarian solidarity against Vienna. Radonić, , Rimsaka Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, pp. 633–644.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ Miskolczy, Julius, Ungarn in der Habsburgermonarchie (Vienna: Herold Verlag, 1959), pp. 44–45.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ Silagi, Denis, “Ungarn und der geheime Mitarbeiterkreis Kaiser Leopolds,” Südosteuropäischen Arbeiten, Vol. LVII (1961), pp. 61–75Google Scholar; Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, pp. 634–635Google Scholar; Marczali, Henrik, Magyarország története III. Kárloytól a bécsi congressusig (1711–1815) [The History of Hungary from Charles III up to the Congress of Vienna] (Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1898), pp. 505–508.Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, p. 634.Google Scholar

¹⁵² Pantelić, Dušan, Beogradski pašaluk posle Svištovskog mira (1791–1794) [Belgrade Pashalik after the Treaty of Sistovo (1791–1794)] (Belgrade: Srpska Kraljevska Akademija, 1927), pp. 185–187.Google Scholar

¹⁵³ Rothenberg, , The Military Border in Croatia, 1740–1881, p. 81Google Scholar; Marczali, , Magyarország története III. Kárloytól a bécsi congressusig, p. 529.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁴ Both Austria and Hungary claimed the Vojvodina. The Austrians treated the Serbs as patrimonium domus austriacae. See Radonić, Jovan, Srbi u Ugarskoj [The Serbs in Hungary] (Niš: Državna štamparija, 1915), p. 32.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁵ Radonitch, , Le Banat, pp. 61–63.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁶ Rothenberg, , The Military Border in Croatia, 1740–1881, p. 82.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁷ Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenake zemlje, p. 635.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁸ Jászi, , The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, p. 75.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ Grujić, Radoslav M., “Stratimirović, Stevan,” Narodna Enciklopedija (Croatian edition), Vol. IV (1929), pp. 475–477.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnosloveneke zemlje, pp. 635–636.Google Scholar

¹⁶¹ Vlačić, Ljubo N., “Dr. Božidar Petranović i unija” [Dr. Božidar Petranović and the Union], Prilozi za književnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor [Contributions to Literature, Language, History, and Folklore] (Belgrade, 1929), pp. 129–130Google Scholar; Vlačić, Ljubo N., “Josif Rajačić kao dalmatinski episkop” [Josif Rajačić as Dalmatian Bishop], Glasnik istoriskog društva, Vol. VII, pp. 164–178Google Scholar

¹⁶² Grujić, Radoslav M., “Arhipastirstvo patrijarha Josifa Rajačića” [The Religious Headship of Patriarch Josif Rajačić], Glasnik Srpsko-Pravoslavne Crkve, 12 1, 1948, pp. 99–103.Google Scholar

¹⁶³ Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, p. 636.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁴ Jászi, , The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy, pp. 100–101.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁵ Ibid., p. 101; Radonić, , Rimska Kurija i Južnoslovenske zemlje, p. 636.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁶ Narodna Enciklopedija (Croatian edition), Vol. II, p. 278Google Scholar. At the end of the First World War the metropolitanate of Sremski Karlovci had 721 parishes, 124 branches, 777 churches, 722 priests, and 27 monasteries.

¹⁶⁷ Kostić, , Grof Koler, pp. 103–130.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁸ Petrović, Mita, “Škole” [Schools], Vojvodina, Vol. I (1924), pp. 118–130.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁹ Ibid.

¹⁷⁰ On the history of the Serbian Church in Austria-Hungary, see Bidermann, Hermann J., Die Griechischen-Gläubigen und ihr Kirchenwesen in Österreich-Ungarn (Vienna: W. Braumüller, 1884)Google Scholar; Schwicker, , Politische Geschichte der Serben in Ungarn;Google Scholar and Grujić, Radoslav M., Pravoslavna Srpska Crkva.Google Scholar

¹⁷¹ Variously called jobadj (iobagio-jobagy), paor, kmet, čifčija.

¹⁷² According to the Hungarian Law of 1840, the category of peasants was divided into permanent subjects of the noble (glebae adseripti) and the peasants (coloni liberae migrationis) who under certain conditions (pactiti) could leave the estate. Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, p. 193Google Scholar. Other kinds of peasants also existed: inquilini (Behauste Inwohner, želeri), who had a home and a bit of land adjacent to it and worked land which they rented from the landlord; and subinquilini, who had neither a home nor land but lived on the estate and worked as servants and wage earners.

¹⁷³ Ekonomski Institut NR Srbije, Proizvodne snage NR Srbije, p. 29.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁴ See, for example, the situation in Pakrac. Popović, , Srbi u Vojvodini, pp. 105–111 and 210–214.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁵ Ibid., p. 119–220.

¹⁷⁶ For details, see Proizvodne snage NR Srbije. See also Bösendorfer, , Agrarni odnosi u Slavoniji, pp. 198–205.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁷ Bösendorfer, , Agrarni odnosi u Slavoniji, pp. 198–205.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁸ Proizvodne snage NR Srbije, p. 30.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁹ Ibid.

¹⁸⁰ Ibid., p. 40.

¹⁸¹ Bogdanov, , Hrvatski narodni pokret 1903–1904, pp. 20–29.Google Scholar

¹⁸² See Manday, André, La question ouvrière en Hongrie (Budapest, 1912)Google Scholar; Proizvodne snage NR Srbije, p. 40.Google Scholar

¹⁸³ Bićanić, Rudolf, “Oslobodjenja kmetova u Hrvatskoj 1848”. [The Emancipation of the Serfs in Croatia in 1848], Djelo, Vol. I, No. 3 (1948), pp. 190–200.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁴ Tomasevich, , Peasants, Politics, and Economic Change in Yugoslavia, pp. 85–88.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁵ Bićanić, , “Oslobodjenja kmetova u Hrvatskoj 1848,” pp. 198–200.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁶ Ibid.

¹⁸⁷ Tomasevich, , Peasants, Politics, and Economic Change in Yugoslavia, p. 87.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁸ Leuschner, Karl, Die landwirtschaftlichen und sozialen Verhältnissen in Westlichen Ungarn (Jena: G. Fischer, 1888), p. 24Google Scholar; Proizvodne snage NR Srbije, p. 41Google Scholar; Bogdanov, Vaso, Ustanak Srba u Vojvodini i Madjarska Revolucija, 1848 i 1849 godina [The Uprising of the Serbs in the Vojvodina and the Hungarian Revolution in 1848 and 1849] (Subotica, 1929), p. 114Google Scholar

¹⁸⁹ For details, see Tomasevich, , Peasants, Politics, and Economic Change in Yugoslavia, p. 118.Google Scholar