¹ A key text for bridging the Marxist discourse on modernization and discussions of aesthetic modernism is Marshall Berman, “All That Is Solid Melts into Air: Marx, Modernism, and Modernization,” Dissent 25, no. 1 (fall 1978): 54–73; reprinted with new material in Idem., Adventures in Marxism (London, 1999).

² See Robert, Musil, The Man without Qualities, trans. Wilkins, E. and Kaiser, E. (New York, 1953).Google Scholar

³ A reevaluantion of the significant liberal legacy of the empire was proposed in the seminal article by Harry, Ritter, “Austro-German Liberalism and the Modern Liberal Tradition,”Google ScholarGerman Studies Review 7, no. 2 (May 1984): 227–48. See also Pieter, Judson, Exclusive Revolutionaries: Liberal Politics, Social Experience, and National Identity in the Austrian Empire, 1848–1914 (Ann Arbor, 1996).Google Scholar

⁴ See Carl, Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York, 1980).Google Scholar

⁵ See Scott, Spector, “Beyond the Aesthetic Garden: Politics and Culture on the Margins of Finde-Siécle Vienna,” Journal of the History of Ideas 59, no. 4 (1998): 691–710Google Scholar; and Idem., Prague Territories:National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Kafka's Fin de Siécle (Berkeley, 2000), 25–28 and 237.Google Scholar

⁶ See Leon, Trotsky, “Peculiarities of Russia's Development,” in History of the Russian Revolution, vol. 1, The Overthrow of Tzarism (New York, 1932).Google Scholar

⁷ See Ernst, Bloch, Heritage of Our Times, trans. Stephen, Plaice (Berkeley, 1991).Google Scholar

⁸ Leon, Trotsky, “The Problem of Nationalities,” in History of the Russian Revolution, vol. 2, The Attempted Counter-Revolution (New York, 1932).Google Scholar

⁹ Péter, Hanák, The Garden and the Workshop: Essays on the Cultural History of Vienna and Budapest (Princeton, 1998).Google Scholar

¹⁰ See Robert, Pynsent, Decadence and Innovation: Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Turn of the Century (London, 1989).Google Scholar

¹¹ See Jürgen, Habermas, “Modernity versus Postmodernity,”Google ScholarNew German Critique, no. 22 (winter 1981): 3–14.

¹² Peter, Bürger, Theorie der Avantgarde (Frankfurt, 1974).Google Scholar

¹³ Mary, Gluck, “Interpreting Primitivism, Mass Culture, and Modernism: The Making of Wilhelm Worringer's Abstraction and Empathy,” New German Critique 80 (2000): 149–69.Google Scholar

¹⁴ See Peter, Bürger, The Decline of Modernism, trans. Nicholas, Walker (Cambridge, 1992).Google Scholar