No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Learning strategies and situated knowledge
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 February 2010
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Open Peer Commentary
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994
References
Aaronson, D. & Scarborough, H. S. (1977) Performance theories for sentence coding: Some quantitative models. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16: 277–303. [ASR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrams, M. & Reber, A. S. (1988) Implicit learning: Robustness in the face of psychiatric disorders. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 17: 425–39. [ASR, CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, J. K. (1957) Laboratory studies of behavior without awareness. Psychological Bulletin 54: 383–405. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aha, D. W., Kibler, D. & Albert, M. K. (1991) Instance-based learning algorithms. Machine Learning 6: 37–66. [RLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, S. W. & Brooks, L. R. (1991) Specializing the operation of an explicit rule. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 120: 3–19. [aDRS, RLC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altmann, C. T. M., Dienes, Z. & Goode, A. (in press) On the modality-independence of implicitly learned grammatical knowledge: Implications for the onset of language acquisition. Cognition. [aDRS, DCB, ASR]Google Scholar
Andrade, J. (in press) Learning during anaesthesia. British Journal of Psychology. [aDRS] Andrade, J., Munglani, R., Jones, J. G. & Baddeley, A. D. (in press) Cognitive performance during anaesthesia. Consciousness and Cognition. [JA]Google Scholar
Baer, P. E. & Fuhrer, M. J. (1982) Cognitive factors in the concurrent differential conditioning of eyelid and skin conductance responses. Memory and Cognition 10: 135–40. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baeyens, F., Eelen, P., Crombez, G. & Van den Bergh, O. (1992) Human evaluative conditioning: Acquisition trials, presentation schedule, evaluative style and contingency awareness. Behavioitr Research and Therapy 30: 133–42. [aDRS, FB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baeyens, F., Eelen, P. & Van den Bergh, O. (1990a) Contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning: A case for unaware affective-evaluative learning. Cognition and Emotion 4: 3–18. [aDRS, FB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baeyens, F., Eelen, P., Van den Bergh, O. & Crombez, G. (1989) The influence of CS-US perceptual similarity/dissimilarity on human evaluative learning and signal learning. Learning and Motivation 20: 322–33. [FB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baeyens, F., Eelen, P., Van den Bergh, O. & Crombez, G. (1990b) Flavor-flavor and color-flavor conditioning in humans. Learning and Motivation 21: 434–55. [FB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baeyens, F., Heremans, R., Eelen, P. & Crombez, G. (1994) Hiddencovariation detection and imagery ability. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 5: 435–56. [FB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barsalou, L. W. (1990) On the indistinguishability of exemplar memory and abstraction in category representation. In: Advances in social cognition (vol. 3): Content and process specificity in the effects of prior experiences, ed. Srull, T. K. & Wyer, R. S.. [RLG, RAP]Google Scholar
Barton, L. E., Brulle, A. R. & Repp, A. C. (1986) Maintenance of therapeutic change by momentary DRO. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 19: 277–82. [GO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beeman, M. (1993) Semantic processing in the right hemisphere may contribute to drawing inferences from discourse. Brain and Language 44: 80–120. [CJM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentall, R. P., Lowe, C. F. & Beasty, A. (1985) The role of verbal behavior in human learning: II. Developmental differences. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 43: 165–81. [GO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, D. C. (1994) Implicit learning: Twenty-five years on. A tutorial. In: Attention and performance XV, ed. Umilta, C. & Moscovitch, M.. MITress. [DCB]Google Scholar
Berry, D. C. & Broadbent, D. E. (1984) On the relationship between task performance and associated verbalizable knowledge. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 36A: 209–31. [aDRS, DCB, AR, CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, D. C. & Broadbent, D. E. (1987) Explanation and verbalization in a computer-assisted search task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 39A: 585–609. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, D. C. & Broadbent, D. E. (1988) Interactive tasks and the implicit-explicit distinction. British Journal of Psychology 79: 251–72. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, D. C. & Broadbent, D. E. (1990) The role of instruction and verbalization in improving performance on complex search tasks. Behavior and Information Technology 9: 175–90. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, D. C. & Dienes, Z. (1991) The relationship between implicit memory and implicit learning. British Journal of Psychology 82: 359–73. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biederman, I. & Shiffrar, M. M. (1987) Sexing day-old chicks: A case study and expert systems analysis of a difficult perceptual-learning task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 13: 640–45. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Birdwhistell, R. L. (1970) Kinesics and context. University of Pennsylvania Press. [ASR]Google Scholar
Boakes, R. A. (1989) How one might find evidence for conditioning in adult humans. In: Aversion, avoidance and anxiety: Perspectives on learning and memory, ed. Archer, T. & Nilsson, L.-G.. Erlbaum. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Bornstein, R. F. (1989a) Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987. Psychological Bulletin 106: 265–89. [RFB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, R. F. (1989b) Subliminal techniques as propaganda tools: Review and critique. Journal of Mind and Behavior 10: 231–62. [RFB]Google Scholar
Bornstein, R. F. (1992) Subliminal mere exposure effects. In: Perception without awareness: Cognitive, clinical and social perspectives, ed. Bornstein, R. F. & Pittman, T. S.. Guilford Press. [aDRS, RFB]Google Scholar
Bornstein, R. F., Leone, D. R. & Galley, D. J. (1987) The generalizability of subliminal mere exposure effects: Influence of stimuli perceived without awareness on social behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53: 1070–79. [RFB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowers, J. S. & Schacter, D. L. (1990) Implicit memory and test awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16: 404–16. [CJM]Google ScholarPubMed
Bowers, K. S. (1984) On being unconsciously influenced and informed. In: The unconscious reconsidered, ed. Bowers, K. S. & Meichenbaum, D.. Wiley. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Brewer, W. F. (1974) There is no convincing evidence for operant or classical conditioning in adult humans. In: Cognition and the symbolic processes, ed. Weimer, W. B. & Palermo, D. S.. Erlbaum. [aDRS, SSR, FS]Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E., Fitzgerald, P. & Broadbent, M. H. P. (1986) Implicit and explicit knowledge in the control of complex systems. British Journal of Psychology 77: 33–50. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, N. (1989) Unconscious learning of rules: Comment on Reber's analysis of implicit learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 18: 236–38. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, L. (1978) Nonanalytic concept formation and memory for instances. In: Cognition and categorization, ed. Rosch, E. & Lloyd, B. B.. Erlbaum. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Brooks, L. R. & Vokey, J. R. (1991) Abstract analogies and abstracted grammars: Comments on Reber (1989) and Mathews et al. (1989). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 120: 316–23. [aDRS, HN, ASR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, J. S., Goodnow, J. J. & Austin, G. A. (1956) A study of thinking. Wiley. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Burgess, C. & Simpson, G. (1988) Hemispheric processing of ambiguous words. Brain and Language 33: 86–104. [CJM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cambiganu, C., Rizzo, A., Parlangeli, O., Farfaneti, G. & Bagnara, S. (1993) Implicit and explicit learning in controlling dynamic systems. A situated knowledge view. In: Proceedings of the fourth European conference on cognitive science approaches to process control, Copenhagen. CRI. [AR]Google Scholar
Carew, T. J., Hawkins, R. D. & Kandel, E. R. (1983) Differential classical conditioning of a defense withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica. Science 219: 397–400. [ASR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, R. A. (1992) Starting with consciousness. American Journal of Psychology 105: 598–604. [RAC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, R. A. & Dulany, D. E. (1985) Conscious attention and abstraction in concept learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 11: 45–58. [RAC]Google Scholar
Catania, A. C., Matthews, B. A. & Shimoff, E. (1982) Instructed versus shaped human verbal behavior: Interactions with nonverbal responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 38: 233–48. [ACC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catania, A. C., Shimoff, E. & Matthews, B. A. (1989) An experimental analysis of rule-governed behavior. In: Rule-governed behavior: Cognition, contingencies, and instructional control, ed. Hayes, S. C.. Plenum. [aDRS, FS]Google Scholar
Chan, C. (1992) Implicit cognitive processes: Theoretical issues and applications in computer systems design. Ph.D. thesis, University of Oxford. [ZD]Google Scholar
Channon, S., Daum, I. & Gray, J. A. (1993) Operant conditioning after temporal lobe lesions in man: Conditional and simple discrimination learning. Cortex 29: 315–24. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charness, N., Milberg, W. & Alexander, M. P. (1988) Teaching an amnesic a complex cognitive skill. Brain and Cognition 8: 253–72. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheesman, J. & Merikle, P. M. (1984) Priming with and without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics 36: 387–95. [ZD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheesman, J. & Merikle, P. M. (1986) Distinguishing conscious from unconscious perceptual processes. Canadian Journal of Psychology 40: 343–67. [MAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiarello, C. (1988) Semantic priming in the intact brain: Separate roles for the right and left hemispheres? In: Right hemisphere contributions to lexical semantics, ed. Chiarello, C.. Springer-Verlag. [CJM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1981) Lectures on government and binding. Holland: Foris Publications. [HN]Google Scholar
Cleeremans, A. (1993a) Attention and awareness in sequence learning. In: Proceedings of the fifteenth annual, conference of the cognitive science society. Erlbaum. [AC]Google Scholar
Cleeremans, A. (1993b) Mechanisms of implicit learning: Connectionist models of sequence processing. MIT Press. [aDRS, AC, ZD, GO, RAP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleeremans, A. & McClelland, J. L. (1991) Learning the structure of event sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 120: 235–53. [aDRS, AC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, A., Ivry, R. I. & Keele, S. W. (1990) Attention and structure in sequence learning, journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16: 17–30. [aDRS; JR]Google Scholar
Cohen, N. J. & Eichenbaum, H. (1993) Memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal system. MIT Press. [RAP]Google Scholar
Cohen, N. J. & Squire, L. R. (1980) Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: Dissociation of knowing how and knowing that. Science 21: 207–10. [aDRS, EE, ZK, RAP, LRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cork, R. C., Kihlstrom, J. F. & Schacter, D. L. (1992) Absence of explicit or implicit memory in patients anesthetized with sufentanil/nitrous oxide. Anesthesiology 76: 892–98. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curran, T. & Keele, S. W. (1993) Attentional and non-attentional forms of sequence learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19: 189–202. [AC]Google Scholar
Daum, I., Channon, S., Polkey, C. E. & Gray, J. A. (1991) Classical conditioning after temporal lobe lesions in man: Impairment in conditional discrimination. Behavioral Neurosdence 105: 396–408. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davey, G. C. L. (1984) Is evaluative conditioning a qualitatively distinct form of classical conditioning? Behavior Research and Therapy 32: 291–99. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davey, G. C. L. (1992) An expectancy model of laboratory preparedness effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 121: 24–40. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, M. E. & Schell, A. M. (1985) Information processing and human autonomic classical conditioning. In: Advances in psychophysiology, ed. Ackles, P. K., Jennings, J. R. & Coles, M. C. H.. JAI Press. [aDRS]Google Scholar
De Houwer, J., Baeyens, F. & Eelen, P. (in press) Verbal evaluative conditioning with undetected US presentations. Behaviour Research and Therapy. [FB]Google Scholar
De Houwer, J., Hendricx, H., Baeyens, F. & van Avermaet, E. (1994) Hidden covariation detection might be very hidden indeed. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.[aDRS]Google Scholar
Dickinson, A. (1988) Intentionality in animal conditioning. In: Thought without language, ed. Weiskrantz, L.. Clarendon Press. [rDRS]Google Scholar
Dienes, Z. (1992) Connectionist and memory-array models of artificial grammar learning. Cognitive Science 16: 41–80. [aDRS, RAP]Google Scholar
Dienes, Z., Altmann, G. & Kwan, L. (submitted) Unconscious knowledge of artificial grammars is applied strategically. [ZD]Google Scholar
Dienes, Z., Broadbent, D. E. & Berry, D. (1991) Implicit and explicit knowledge bases in artificial grammar learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17: 875–87. [aDRS, HN]Google ScholarPubMed
Dienes, Z. & Pemer, J. (forthcoming) Implicit knowledge in people and connectionist networks. In: Implicit cognition, ed. Underwood, G.. Oxford University Press. [ZD]Google Scholar
Dreyfus, H. L. & Dreyfus, S. E. (1986) Why skills cannot be represented by rules. In: Advances in cognitive science, ed. Sharkey, N. E.. Ellis Horwood. [GO]Google Scholar
Dulany, D. E. (1961) Hypotheses and habits in verbal “operant conditioning.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 63: 251–63. [arDRS, RAC, FS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dulany, D. E.(1968) Awareness, rules, and propositional control: A confrontation with S-R behavior theory. In: Verbal behavior and general behavior theory, ed. Dixon, T. & Horton, D.. Prentice-Hall. [RAC, SSR]Google Scholar
Dulany, D. E., Carlson, R. A. & Dewey, G. I. (1984) A case of syntactical learning and judgment: How conscious and how abstract? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113: 541–55. [aDRS, RAC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dulany, D. E., (1985) On consciousness in syntactic learning and judgment: A reply to Reber, Allen, and Regan. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114: 25–32. [aDRS, RAC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dulany, D. E. & Poldrack, R. A. (1991) Learned covariation: Conscious or unconscious representation? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Francisco. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Eich, E. (1984) Memory for unattended events: Remembering with and without awareness. Memory and Cognition 12: 105–11. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichenbaum, H., Fagan, A., Mathews, P. & Cohen, N. (1988) Hippocampal system dysfunction and odor discrimination learning in rats: Impairment or facilitation depending on representational demands. Behavioral Neurosdence 102: 331–39. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichenbaum, H., Otto, T. & Cohen, N. J. (1992) The hippocampus – what does it do? Behavior, Neurology, Biology 57: 2–36. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elman, J. L. (1990) Finding structure in time. Cognitive Science 14: 179–212. [rDRS, AC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elman, J. L. (1993) Learning and development in neural networks; The importance of starting small. Cognition 48: 71–99. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ericsson, K. A. & Simon, H. A. (1980) Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review 87: 215–51. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eriksen, C. W. (1960) Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation. Psychological Review 67: 279–300. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estes, W. K. (1986) Array models for category learning. Cognitive Psychology 18: 500–549. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farah, M. J., O'Reilly, R. C. & Vecera, S. P. (1993) Dissociated overt and covert recognition as an emergent property of a lesioned neural network. Psychological Review 100: 571–88. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleishman, E. A. & Quaintance, M. K. (1984) Taxonomies of human performance. Academic Press. [DBW]Google Scholar
Flexser, A. J. & Tulving, E. (1978) Retrieval independence in recognition and recall. Psychological Review 85: 153–71. [SSR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frensch, P. A., Buchner, A. & Lin, J. (1994) Implicit learning of unique and ambiguous serial transitions in the presence and absence of a distractor task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20: 567–84. [CAS]Google Scholar
Gabrieli, J. D. E., Keane, M. M. & Corkin, S. (1987) Acquisition of problem solving skills in global amnesia. Society for Neurosdence Abstracts 13: 1455. [rDRS]Google Scholar
Ghoneim, M. M. & Block, R. I. (1992) Learning and consciousness during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 76: 279–305. [aDRS]Google ScholarPubMed
Ghoneim, M. M., Block, R. I. & Fowles, D. C. (1992) No evidence of classical conditioning of electrodermal responses during anesthesia. Anesthesiology 76: 682–88. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1971) The information available in pictures. Leonardo 4: 27–35. [RAC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluck, M. A. & Bower, G. H. (1988) From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117: 227–47. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gluck, M. A. & Myers, C. E. (1993) Hippocampal mediation of stimulus representation: A computational theory. Hippocampus 3: 491–516. [ZK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodale, M. A. (1993) Visual pathways supporting perception and action in the primate cerebral cortex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 3: 578–85. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, P. C. & Holyoak, K. J. (1983) Implicit learning and generalization of the mere exposure effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45: 492–500. [RFB, CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graf, P. & Komatsu, S. (in press) Process dissociation procedure: Handle with caution! European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. [MAS]Google Scholar
Graf, P., Squire, L. R. & Mandler, G. (1984) The information that amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10: 164–78. [aDRS, ZK]Google Scholar
Granda, A. M. & Hammack, J. T. (1961) Operant behavior during sleep. Science 133: 1485–86. [GO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, R. E. A. & Shanks, D. R. (1993) On the existence of independent explicit and implicit learning systems: An examination of some evidence. Memory and Cognition 21: 304–17. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenspoon, J. (1955) The reinforcing effect of two spoken sounds on the frequency of two responses. American Journal of Psychology 68: 409–16. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, A. G. (1992) Unconscious cognition reclaimed. American Psychologist 47: 766–79. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, A. G., Spangenberg, E. R., Pratkanis, A. R. & Eskenazi, J. (1991) Double blind tests of subliminal self-help audiotapes. Psychological Science 2: 119–22. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grings, W. W. (1965) Verbal-perceptual factors in the conditioning of autonomic responses. In: Classical conditioning: A symposium, ed. Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [rDRS, HDK]Google Scholar
Grings, W. W., Schell, A. M. & Carey, C. A. (1973) Verbal control of an autonomic response in a cue reversal situation. Journal of Experimental Psychology 99: 215–21. [aDRS, ASR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haith, M. M. & McCarty, M. E. (1990) Stability of visual expectation at 3.0 months of age. Developmental Psychology 26: 68–74. [ASR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartman, M., Knopman, D. S. & Nissen, M. J. (1989) Implicit learning of new verbal associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15: 1070–82. [aDRS]Google ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, R. D., Kandel, E. R. & Siegelbaum, S. A. (1993) Learning to modulate transmitter release: Themes and variations in synaptic plasticity. Annual Review of Neurosdence 16: 625–65. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, N. A. & Broadbent, D. E. (1988) Two modes of learning for interactive tasks. Cognition 28: 249–76. [aDRS, FS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hefferline, R. F., Keenan, B. & Harford, R. A. (1959) Escape and avoidance conditioning in human subjects without their observation of the response. Science 130: 1338–39. [FS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hintzman, D. L. (1986) “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review 93: 411–28. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirst, W., Johnson, M. K., Phelps, E. A. & Volpe, B. T. (1988) More on recognition and recall in amnesics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14: 758–62. [CAS]Google ScholarPubMed
Hirst, W. & Volpe, B. T. (1984) Encoding of spatial relations with amnesia. Ncuropsychologia 22: 631–34. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holender, D. (1986) Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9: 1–66. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holyoak, K. J. & Spellman, B. A. (1993) Thinking. Annual Review of Psychology 44: 265–315. [KJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homa, D., Sterling, S. & Trepel, L. (1981) Limitations of exemplar-based generalization and the abstraction of categorical information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 7: 418– 39. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Howard, D. V. & Howard, J. H. (1989) Age differences in learning serial patterns: Direct versus indirect measures. Psychology and Aging 4: 35–64. [aDRS, CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howe, M. L., Rabinowitz, F. M. & Crant, M. J. (1993) On measuring (in)dependence of cognitive processes. Psychological Review 100: 737–47. [NB, MLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hugdahl, K. & Ohman, A. (1977) Effects of instruction on acquisition and extinction of electrodermal responses to fear-relevant stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 3: 608–18. [aDRS]Google ScholarPubMed
Humphreys, M. S., Bain, J. D. & Pike, R. (1989) Different ways to cue a coherent memory system: A theory for episodic, semantic, and procedural tasks. Psychological Review 96: 208–33. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
L. L., Jacoby (1991) A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language 30: 513–41. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Jacoby, L. L. & Dallas, M. (1981) On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Ceneral 110: 306–40. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacoby, L. L. & Kelley, C. (1991) Unconscious influences of memory: Dissociations and automaticity. In: The neuropsychology of consciousness, ed. Milner, D. & Rugg, M.. Academic Press. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Jacoby, L. L., Lindsay, D. S. & Toth, J. P. (1992) Unconscious influences revealed: Attention, awareness, and control. American Psychologist 47: 802–9. [PMM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacoby, L. L., Toth, J. P. & Yonelinas, A. P. (1993) Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122: 139–54. [rDRS, MLH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jelicic, M., Bonke, B., Wolters, C. & Phaf, R. H. (1992) Implicit memory for words presented during anaesthesia. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 4: 71–80. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, J. S. & Newport, E. L. (1989) Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology 21: 60–99. [JL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, P. E. (1983) What kind of expert should a system be? The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 8: 77–97. [GO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, W. A., Hawley, K. J. & Elliott, J. M. G. (1991) Contribution of perceptual fluency to recognition judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17: 210–23. [CAS]Google Scholar
Kemler Nelson, D. G. (1984) The effect of intention on what concepts are acquired. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 23: 734–59. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. F., Schacter, D. L., Cork, R. C., Hurt, C. A. & Behr, S. E. (1990) Implicit and explicit memory following surgical anesthesia. Psychological Science 1: 303–6. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimmel, E. (1967) Judgments of UCS intensity and diminution of the UCR in classical CSR conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 73: 532–43. [HDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimmcl, H. D. (1974) Instrumental conditioning of autonomically mediated behavior in human beings. American Psychologist 29: 325–35. [HDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimmel, H. D. & Bevill, M. (1985) Habitation and dishabituation of the human orienting reflex under instruction-induced stress. Physiological Psychology 13: 92–94. [HDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimmel, H. D., Birbaumer, N., Elbert, T., Lutzenberger, W. & Rockstroh, B. (1983) Conditioned tonic stimulus control of nonspecific arousal. Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science 18: 136–43. [rDRS, HDK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klahr, D., Dunbar, K. & Fay, A. L. (1990) Designing good experiments to test bad hypotheses. In: Computational models of scientific discovery and theory formation, ed. Shrager, J. & Langley, P.. Morgan Kaufmann. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Klayman, J. & Ha, Y. (1989) Hypothesis testing in rule discovery: Strategy, structure, and content. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15: 596–604. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Knopman, D. (1991) Unaware learning versus preserved learning in pharmacologic amnesia: Similarities and differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17: 1017–29. [aDRS]Google ScholarPubMed
Knowlton, B. J., Cluck, M. A. & Squire, L. R. (1993) Probabilistic category learning in amnesia. Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience, Washington, D.C. [ZK]Google Scholar
Knowlton, B. J., Ramus, S. J. & Squire, L. R. (1992) Intact artificial grammar learning in amnesia: Dissociation of classification learning and explicit memory for instances. Psychological Science 3: 172–79. [aDRS, KJH, ASR, CAS, DBW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowlton, B. J. & Squire, L. R. (1992) Intact prototype learning by amnesic patients: Evidence for parallel learning of item-specific and general information. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 18: 168. [CAS]Google Scholar
Knowlton, B. J. & Squire, L. R. (1993) The learning of categories: Parallel brain systems for item memory and category knowledge. Science 262: 1747–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolodny, J. (1994) Memory processes in classification learning. Psychological Science. []Google Scholar
Kotovsky, K. & Simon, H. A. (1979) Empirical tests of a theory of human acquisition of concepts for sequential patterns. In: Models of thought, ed. Simon, H. A.. Yale University Press. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Krasner, L. (1958) Studies of the conditioning of verbal behavior. Psychological Bulletin 55: 148–70. [aDRS, SSR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krosnick, J. A., Betz, A. I., Jussim, L. J. & Lynn, A. R. (1992) Subliminal conditioning of attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18: 152–62. [FB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruschke, J. K. (1992) ALCOVE: An exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning. Psychological Review 99: 22–44. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhl, P. K. & Metzoff, A. N. (in press) Evolution: Nativism and learning in the development of language and speech. In: The genetic basis of language, ed. Gopnik, M.. Oxford University Press. [LRS]Google Scholar
Kunst-Wilson, W. R. & Zajonc, R. B. (1980) Affective discriminations of stimuli that cannot be recognized. Science 207: 557–58. [arDRS, RFB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kushner, M., Cleeremans, A. & Reber, A. (1991) Implicit detection of event interdependencies and a PDP model of the process. In: Proceedings of the thirteenth annual meeting of the cognitive science society. Erlbaum. [CAS]Google Scholar
Lachnit, H. & Kimmel, H. D. (1993) Positive and negative patterning in human classical skin conductance response conditioning. Animal Learning and Behavior 21: 314–26. [rDRS, HDK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lachter, J. & Bever, T. G. (1988) The relation between linguistic structure and associative theories of language learning: A constructive critique of some connectionist learning models. Cognition 28: 195–247. [rDRS, JL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lea, & Simon, (1979) Problem solving and rule induction. In: Models of thought, ed. Simon, H. A.. Yale University Press. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Lewicki, P. (1986) Processing information about covariations that cannot be articulated. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 12: 135–46. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Lewicki, P., Czyzewska, M. & Hoffman, H. (1987) Unconscious acquisition of complex procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 13: 523–30. [aDRS, SSR, CAS, FS]Google Scholar
Lewicki, P., Hill, T. & Bizot, E. (1988) Acquisition of procedural knowledge about a pattern of stimuli that cannot be articulated. Cognitive Psychology 20: 24–37. [aDRS, CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewicki, P., Hill, T. & Czyzewska, M. (1992) Nonconscious acquisition of information. American Psychologist 47: 796–801. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewicki, P., Hill, T. & Sasaki, I. (1989) Self-perpetuating development of encoding biases. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Ceneral 118: 323–37. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B. (1985) Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8: 529–66. [rDRS, GO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loftus, E. F. & Klinger, M. R. (1992) Is the unconscious smart or dumb? American Psychologist 47: 761–65. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Logan, G. D. (1988) Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review 95: 492–528. [MAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovibond, P. F. (1992) Tonic and phasic electrodermal measures of human aversive conditioning with long duration stimuli. Psychophysiology 29: 621–32. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovibond, P. F. (1993) Conditioning and cognitive-behaviour therapy. Behaviour Change 10: 119–30. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowe, C. F. (1979) Determinants of human operant behavior. In: Advances in analysis of behavior, vol. 1: Reinforcement and the organization of behavior, ed. Zeiler, M. D. & Harzem, P.. Wiley. [FS]Google Scholar
Lowe, C. F., Beasty, A. & Bentall, R. P. (1983) The role of verbal behavior in human learning: Infant performance on fixed-interval schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 39: 157–64. [GO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mace, F. C. & Knight, D. (1986) Functional analysis and treatment of severe pica. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 19: 411–16. [GO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKay, D. M. (1974) The mechanics of tacit knowing. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. [ROL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahut, H. & Moss, M. (1984) Consolidation of memory: The hippocampus revisited. In: Neuropsychology of memory, ed. Squire, L. R. & Butters, N.. Cuilford Press. [ASR]Google Scholar
Malt, B. (1989) An on-line investigation of prototype and exemplar strategies in classification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15: 539–55. [aDRS]Google ScholarPubMed
Mandler, C., Nakamura, Y. & Van Zandt, B. J. S. (1987) Nonspecific effects of exposure to stimuli that cannot be recognized. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 13: 646–48. [RFB]Google Scholar
Mangun, B. (1993) Taking phenomenology seriously: The “fringe” and its implications for cognitive research. Consciousness and Cognition 2: 89–108. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manza, L. & Reber, A. S. (1992a) Implicit learning: Transfer across form and sensory modality. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, MO. [CAS]Google Scholar
Manza, L. & Reber, A. S. (1992b) Inter- and intra-modal transfer of an implicitly acquired rule system. Unpublished manuscript. [ASR]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. (1983) Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology 15: 197–237. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcel, A. (1993) Slippage in the unity of consciousness. In: Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness, ed. Bock, G. R. & Marsh, J.. Wiley. [rDRS]Google Scholar
Marinkovic, K., Schell, A. M. & Dawson, M. E. (1989) Awareness of the CSUCS contingency and classical conditioning of skin conductance responses with olfactory CSs. Biological Psychology 29: 39–60. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsolek, C. J. (submitted) ?Abstract-visual-form representations in the left cerebral hemisphere. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. [CJM]Google Scholar
Marsolek, C. J., Kosslyn, S. M. & Squire, L. R. (1992) Form-specific visual priming in the right cerebral hemisphere. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18: 492–508. [CJM]Google ScholarPubMed
Marsolek, C. J. & Schacter, D. L. (submitted) Form-specific visual priming for new associations in the right cerebral hemisphere. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. [CJM]Google Scholar
Marsolek, C. J., Squire, L. R., Kosslyn, S. M. & Lulenski, M. E. (submitted) Form-specific explicit and implicit memory in the right cerebral hemisphere. Neuropsychology. [CJM]Google Scholar
Martin, I. & Levey, A. B. (1978) Evaluative conditioning. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 1: 57–102. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, I. (1987) Learning what will happen next: Conditioning, evaluation and cognitive processes. In: Cognitive processes and Pavlovian conditioning in humans, ed. Davey, G.. Wiley. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Masters, R. S. W. (1992) Knowledge, knerves and know-how: The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure. British Journal of Psychology 83: 343–58. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathews, R. (1990) Abstractiveness of implicit grammar knowledge. Comments on Perruchet and Pacteau's analysis of synthetic grammar learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 119: 412–16. [DCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathews, R. C., Buss, R. R., Stanley, W. B., Blanchard-Fields, F., Cho, J. R. & Druhan, B. (1989) Role of implicit and explicit processes in learning from examples: A synergistic effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15: 1083–1100. [aDRS, DCB, ASR]Google Scholar
Matthews, B. A., Shimoff, E., Catania, A. C. & Sagvolden, T. (1977) Uninstructed human responding: Sensitivity to ratio and interval contingencies. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 27: 453–67. [FS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mauk, M. D. & Thompson, R. F. (1987) Retention of classically conditioned eyelid responses following acute decerebration. Brain Research 403: 89–95. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayes, A. R. (1988) Human organic memory disorders. Cambridge University Press. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayes, A. R. (1992) What are the functional deficits that underlie amnesia? In: Neuropsychology of memory, ed. Squire, L. R. & Butters, N.. Guilford Press. [rDRS]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981) An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review 88: 375–407. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1985) Distributed memory and the representation of general and specific information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114: 159–88. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaren, I. P. L., Green, R. E. A. & Mackintosh, N. J. (in press) Animal learning and the explicit/implicit distinction. In: Implicit and explicit learning of languages, ed. Ellis, N.. Academic Press. [rDRS]Google Scholar
Medin, D. L. (1986) Comment on “Memory storage and retrieval processes in category learning.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115: 373–81. [RLG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medin, D. L. & Florian, J. E. (1992) Abstraction and selective coding in exemplar-based models of categorization. In: From learning processes to cognitive processes: Essays in honor of William K. Estes, vol. 2, ed. Healy, A. F., Kosslyn, S. M. & Shiffrin, R. M.. Erlbaum. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Medin, D. L. & Schaffer, M. M. (1978) Context theory of classification learning. Psychological Review 85: 207–38. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merikle, P. M. (1992) Perception without awareness: Critical issues. American Psychologist 47: 792–95. [ZD, PMM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merikle, P. M. & Cheesman, J. (1986) Consciousness is a “subjective” state. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9: 42. [FB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merikle, P. M. & Reingold, E. M. (1990) Recognition and lexical decision without detection: Unconscious perception? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16: 574–83. [aDRS]Google ScholarPubMed
Merikle, P. M. & Reingold, E. M. (1991) Comparing direct (explicit) and indirect (implicit) measures to study unconscious memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17: 224–33. [arDRS, AC]Google Scholar
Merikle, P. M. & Reingold, E. M. (1992) Measuring unconscious perceptual processes. In: Perception without awareness: Cognitive, clinical, and social perspectives, ed. Bomstein, R. F. & Pittman, T. S.. Cuilford Press. [aDRS, FB]Google Scholar
Merikle, P. M. & Rondi, G. (1993) Memory for events during anesthesia has not been demonstrated: A psychologist's viewpoint. In: Memory and awareness in anesthesia, ed. Sebel, P. S., Bonke, B. & Winograd, E.. Prentice-Hall. [rDRS]Google Scholar
Mishkin, M. (1982) A memory system in the monkey. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 298: 85–92. [ASR]Google ScholarPubMed
Mishkin, M., Malamut, B. & Bachevalier, J. (1984) Memories and habits: Twobneural systems. In: Neurobiology of learning and memory, ed. McCaugh, J. L., Lynch, G. & Weinberger, H. M.. Cuilford Press. [aDRS, LRS]Google Scholar
Moerman, N., Bonke, B. & Oosting, J. (1993) Awareness and recall during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 79: 454–64. [JA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, R. G. M. (1984) Is the distinction between procedural and declarative memory useful with respect to animal models of amnesia? In: Neurobiology of learning and memory, ed. McGaugh, J. L., Lynch, G. & Weinberger, H. M.. Guilford Press. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Munglani, R., Andrade, J., Sapsford, D. J., Baddeley, A. D. & Jones, J. G. (1993) A measure of consciousness and memory during isoflurane administration: The coherent frequency. British Journal of Anaesthesia 71(5): 633–41. [JA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musen, G., Shimamura, A. P. & Squire, L. R. (1990) Intact text-specific reading skill in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16: 1068–76. [aDRS, LRS]Google ScholarPubMed
Musen, G. & Squire, L. R. (1993) Implicit learning of color-word associations using a Stroop paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19: 789–98. [CAS]Google ScholarPubMed
Nagata, H. (1988) The relativity of linguistic intuition: The effect of repetition on grammaticality judgments. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 17: 1–17. [HN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagata, H. (1989a) Effect of repetition on grammaticality judgments under objective and subjective self-awareness conditions. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 18: 255–69. [HN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagata, H. (1989b) Judgments of sentence grammaticality with differentiation and enrichment strategies. Perceptual and Motor Skills 68: 463–69. [HN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagata, H. (1989c) Judgments of sentence grammaticality and field-dependency of subjects. Perceptual and Motor Skills 69: 739–47. [HN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagata, H. (1992) Anchoring effects in judging grammaticality of sentences. Perceptual and Motor Skills 75: 159–64. [HN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagata, H. (submitted) On-line and off-line reflexive resolution in Japanese logophoric sentences. [HN]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1974) “What is it like to be a bat?” Philosophical Review 83: 435–45. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Natsoulas, T. (1992) Is consciousness what psychologists actually examine? American Journal of Psychology 105: 363–84. [RAC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neely, J. H. (1989) Experimental dissociations and the episodic/semantic memory distinction. In: Varieties of memory and consciousness, ed. Roediger, H. L. & Craik, F. I. M.. Erlbaum. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Neisscr, U. (1991) Two perceptually given aspects of the self and their development. Developmental Review 11: 197–209. [RAC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, T. O. (1978) Detecting small amounts of information in memory: Savings for nonrecognized items. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4: 453–68. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1973) You can't play twenty questions with nature and win: Projective comments on the papers of this symposium. In: Visual information processing, ed. Chase, W.. Academic Press. [rDRS]Google Scholar
Newport, E. L. (1990) Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science 14: 11–28. [JL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedenthal, P. M. (1990) Implicit perception of affective information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 26: 505–27. [FB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishett, H. E. & Wilson, T. D. (1977) Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84: 231–59. [HST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nissen, M. J. & Bullemer, P. (1987) Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology 19: 1–32. [aDRS, KJH, DBVV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nissen, M. J., Knopman, D. S. & Schacter, D. L.. (1987) Neurochemical dissociation of memory systems. Neurology 37: 789–94. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nissen, M. J., Willingham, D. & Hartman, M. (1989) Explicit and implicit remembering: When is learning preserved in amnesia? Neuropsychologia 27: 341–52. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norman, R. J., Buchwald, J. S. & Villablanca, J. R. (1977) Classical conditioning with auditory discrimination of the eyeblink reflex in decerebrate cats. Science 196: 551–53. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nosofsky, R. M. (1986) Attention, similarity, and the identification categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115: 39–57. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nosofsky, R. M., Clark, S. E. & Shin, H. J. (1989) Kules and exemplars in categorization, identification, and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15: 282–304. [aDRS, RLG]Google Scholar
Nosofsky, R. M., Palmeri, T. J. & McKinley, S. C. (1994) Rule-plus-exception model of classification learning. Psychological Review 101: 53–79. [RLG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. (1978) The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford University Press. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Ostcrgaard, A. L. (1994) Dissociations between word priming effects in normal subjects and patients with memory disorders: Multiple memory systems or retrieval? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 47A: 331–64. [arDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Overskeid, C. (1992) Kontingensforming og kunnskapsformidling: Et grinmlegKcnde problem ved konstruksjon av ekspertsystemer [Contingency shaping and transfer of knowledge: A basic problem in the construction of expert systems]. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening 29: 210–21. [CO]Google Scholar
Overskeid, C. (submitted) Behaviorist or cognitivist - who can tell the difference? The case of implicit and explicit knowledge. [GO]Google Scholar
Packard, M. C., Hirsh, R. & White, N. M. (1989) Differential effects of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on two radial maze tasks: Evidence for multiple memory systems. Journal of Neuroscience 9: 1465–72. [MGP, LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Packard, M. G. & McGaugh, J. L. (1992) Double dissociation of fornix and caudate nucleus lesions on acquisition of two water maze tasks: Further evidence for multiple memory systems. Behavioral Neuroscience 106: 1–7. [MCP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Packard, M. G. & White, N. M. (1991) Dissociation of hippocampus and caudate nucleus memory systems by post-training intracerebral injection of dopamine agonists. Behavioral Neuroscience 105: 295–306. [MCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkhouse, J. (1960) Awareness during surgery. Postgraduate Medical Journal 36: 674–77. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perruchet, P. (1993) Defining the knowledge units of a synthetic language: Comment on Vokey and Brooks (1992). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20: 223–28. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Perruchet, P. (in press) Learning from complex rule-governed environments: On the proper functions of nonconscious and conscious processes. In: Attention and Performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing, ed. Umilta, C. & Moscovitch, M.. MIT Press. [aDRS, PP]Google Scholar
Perruchet, P. & Amorim, M.-A. (1992) Conscious knowledge and changes in performance in sequence learning: Evidence against dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18: 785–800. [aDRS, DCB, AC]Google ScholarPubMed
Perruchet, P. & Gallego, J. (1994) Association between conscious knowledge and performance in normal subjects: A reply to Cohen and Curran (1993) and to Willingham, Greeley, and Bardone (1993). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19: 1438–44. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Perruchet, P., Gallego, J. & Pacteau, C. (1992) A reinterpretation of some earlier evidence for abstractiveness of implicitly acquired knowledge. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 44A: 193–210. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perruchet, P., Gallego, J. & Savy, I. (1990) A critical reappraisal of the evidence for unconscious abstraction of deterministic rules in complex experimental situations. Cognitive Psychology 22: 493–516. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perruchet, P. & Pacteau, C. (1990) Synthetic grammar learning: Implicit rule abstraction or explicit fragmentary knowledge? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 119: 264–75. [aDRS, DCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perruchet, P. & Pacteau, C. (1991) The implicit acquisition of abstract knowledge about artificial grammar: Some methodological and conceptual issues. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 120: 112–16. [PP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plunkett, K. & Marchman, V. (1991) U-shaped learning and frequency effects in a multi-layer perceptron: Implications for child language acquisition. Cognition 38: 43–102. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. I.fie Keele, S. W. (1970) Retention of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology 83: 304–8. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinowitz, F. M. & Howe, M. L. (1994) Development of the middle concept. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 57. [MLH]Google ScholarPubMed
Rakover, S. (1993) Empirical criteria for task susceptibility to introspective awareness and awareness effects. Philosophical Psychology 6: 451–67. [SSR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rathus, J., Reber, A. S., Manza, L. & Kushner, M. (in press) Implicit and explicit learning: Differential effects of affective states. Perceptual and Motor Skills. [ASR]Google Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1967) Implicit learning of artificial grammars. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5: 855–63. [aDRS, ACC, AC, HN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1969) Transfer of syntactic structure in synthetic languages, Journal of Experimental Psychology 81: 115–19. [aDRS, RFB, ACC, ASR, CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1976) Implicit learning of synthetic languages: The role of instructional set. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 2: 88–94. [ACC]Google Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1989a) Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118: 219–35. [aDRS, RFB, HN, MAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1989b) More thoughts on the unconscious: Reply to Brody and to Lewicki and Hill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118: 24244. [HN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reber, A. S. (1990) On the primacy of the implicit: Comment on Perruchet and Pacteau. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 119: 340–42. [DCB][CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1992a) The cognitive unconscious: An evolutionary perspective. Consciousness and Cognition 1: 93–133. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1992b) An evolutionary context for the cognitive unconscious. Philosophical Psychology 5: 33–51. [KJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reber, A. S. (1993) Implicit learning and tacit knowledge: An essay on the cognitive unconscious. Oxford University Press. [ASR]Google Scholar
Reber, A. S. & Allen, R. (1978) Analogic and abstraction strategies in synthetic grammar learning: A functionalist interpretation. Cognition 6: 189–221. [aDRS, HN, ASR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reber, A. S., Allen, R. & Regan, S. (1985) Syntactical learning and judgment, still unconscious and still abstract: Comment on Dulany, Carlson, and Dewey. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114: 17–24. [aDRS, RAC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reber, A. S., Kassin, S. M., Lewis, S. & Cantor, G. (1980) On the relationship between implicit and explicit modes in the learning of a complex rule structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6: 492 [aDRS, CAS]Google Scholar
Reber, A. S. & Lewis, S. (1977) Implicit learning: An analysis of the form and structure of a body of tacit knowledge. Cognition 5: 333–61. [aDRS, ASR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reber, A. S., Walkenfeld, F. F. & Hernstadt, R. (1991) Implicit and explicit learning: Individual differences and IQ. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17: 888–96. [HN, ASR, CAS]Google ScholarPubMed
Reed, J. & Johnson, P. (1994) Assessing implicit learning with indirect tests: Determining what is learned about sequence structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20: 585–94. [JR, CAS]Google Scholar
Regehr, G. & Brooks, L. R. (1993) Perceptual manifestations of an analytic structure: The priority of holistic individuation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122: 92–114. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reingold, E. M. & Merikle, P. M. (1988) Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics 44: 563–75. [aDRS, RFB, PMM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richardson-Klavehn, A. & Bjork, R. A. (1988) Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology 39: 475–543. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ristau, C. A., ed. (1991) Cognitive ethology: The minds of other animals. Erlbaum. [ASR]Google Scholar
Rizzo, A., Parlangeli, O., Cambiganu, C. & Bagnara, S. (1993) Control of complex systems by situated knowledge: The role of implicit learning. In: Human-computer interaction, 19b: Software and hardware interfaces, ed. Smith, M. J. & Salvendy, G.. Elsevier. [AR]Google Scholar
Roediger, H. L. (1990) Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist 45: 1043–56. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roediger, H. L. (1993) Learning and memory: Progress and challenge. In: Attention performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, ed. Meyer, D. E. & Kornblum, S.. MIT Press. [rDRS]Google Scholar
Rosch, E. H. (1975) Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology 104: 192–233. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfarb, I. S., Newland, M. C., Brannon, S. E. & Howey, D. S. (1992) Effects of self-generated rules on the development of schedule-controlled behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 58: 107–21. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, B. H. (1987) This is like that: The use of earlier problems and the separation of similarity effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 13: 629–39. [RLC]Google Scholar
Rovee-Collier, C. (1990) The “memory system” of prelinguistic infants. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 608: 517–42. [ASR, HST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rovee-Collier, C., Griesler, P. C. & Earley, L. A. (1985) Contextual determinants of retrieval in three-month-old infants. Learning and Motivation 16: 139–57. [HST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudy, J. W. & Sutherland, R. J. (1992) Configural and elemental associations and the memory coherence problem. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4: 208–16. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L. (1986) On learning the past tense of English verbs. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstntcture of cognition, vol. 2: Psychological and biological models, ed. McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E.. MIT Press. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, I. F. (1986) Comparison of wakefulness with two anaesthetic regimens. British Journal of Anaesthesia 58: 965–68. [JA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, I. F. (1989) Conscious awareness during general anaesthesia: Relevance of autonomic signs and isolated arm movements to depth of anaesthesia. In: Balliere's Clinical Anaesthesiology: Depth of Anaesthesia, ed. Jones, J. G.. Balliere. [JA]Google Scholar
. St. John, M. F. (1994) Learning language in the service of a task. Technical report, Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego. La Jolla, CA. [rDRS]Google Scholar
St. John, M. F. & McClelland, J. L. (1990) Learning and applying contextual constraints in sentence comprehension. Artificial Intelligence 46: 217–57. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanderson, P. M. (1989) Verbalizable knowledge and skilled task performance: Association, dissociation, and mental models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15: 729–47. [aDRS, DCB, AR]Google Scholar
Saunders, R. C. & Weiskrantz, L. (1989) The effects of fornix transection and combined fornix transection, mammillary body lesions and hippocampal ablations on object-pair association memory in the rhesus monkey. Behavioral Brain Research 35: 85–94. [LRS1]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D. L. (1987) Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 13: 501–18. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1989) On the relation between memory and consciousness: Dissociable interactions and conscious experience. In: Varieties of memory and consciousness, ed. Roediger, H. L. & Craik, F. I. M.. Erlbaum. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1990) Perceptual representation systems and implicit memory: Toward a resolution of the multiple memory systems debate. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 608: 543–71. [CJM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1992) Priming and multiple memory systems: Perceptual mechanisms of implicit memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4: 244–56. [CJM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D. L., Chiu, C. Y. & Ochsner, K. N. (1993) Implicit memory: A selective review. Annual Review of Neuroscience 16: 159–82. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D. L., Harbluk, J. L. & McLachlan, D. R. (1984) Retrieval without recollection: An experimental analysis of source amnesia. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 23: 593–611. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schank, R. C. (1982) Dynamic memory: A theory of reminding and learning in computers and people. Cambridge University Press. [RLG]Google Scholar
Schmidt, H. (1969) Precognition of a quantum process. Journal of Parapsychology 33: 99–108. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Schneider, W. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review 84: 1–66. [JL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwender, D., Kaiser, A., Klasing, S. & Peter, K. (1992) Explicit and implicit memory and mid-latency auditory evoked potentials during cardiac surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 74: S269. [JA]Google Scholar
Seamon, J. G., Brody, N. & Kauff, D. (1983a) Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: Effects of shadowing, masking, and cerebral laterality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 9: 544–55. [NB]Google Scholar
Seamon, J. G., Brody, N. & Kauff, D. (1983b) Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: II. Effects of delay between study and test. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 21: 187–89. [NB, RFB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seger, C. A. (1994) Implicit learning. Psychological Bulletin 115: 163–96. [CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidenberg, M. S. & McClelland, J. L. (1989) A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review 96: 523–68. [rDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sejnowski, T. J. & Rosenberg, C. R. (1987) Parallel networks that learn to pronounce English text. Complex Systems 1: 145–68. [rDRS]Google Scholar
Sells, P. (1985) Lectures on contemporary syntactic theories: An introduction to government-binding theory, generalized phrase stntcturc grammar, and lexical function grammar. Center for the Study of Language and Information. [JL]Google Scholar
Servan-Schreiber, D., Cleeremans, A. & McClelland, J. L. (1991) Graded state machines: The representation of temporal contingencies in simple recurrent networks. Machine Learning 7: 161–93. [AC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Servan-Schreiber, E. & Anderson, J. R. (1990) Learning artificial grammars with competitive chunking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16: 592–608. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R. (1993) Human instrumental learning: A critical review of data and theory. British Journal of Psychology 84: 319–54. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanks, D. R. & Dickinson, A. (1990) Contingency awareness in evaluative conditioning: A comment on Baeyens, Eelen & van den Bergh. Cognition and Emotion 4: 19–30. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanks, D. R. & Dickinson, A. (1991) Instrumental judgment and performance under variations in actionoutcome contingency and contiguity. Memory and Cognition 19: 353–60. [aDRS, FS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanks, D. R. & Cluck, M. A. (1994) Tests of an adaptive network model for the identification and categorization of continuous-dimension stimuli. Connection Science 6: 69–99. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanks, D. R., Green, R. E. A. & Kolodny, J. (1994) A critical examination of the evidence for nonconscious (implicit) learning. In: Attention and performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing, ed. Umilta, C. & Moscovitch, M.. MIT Press. [aDRS, JR, CAS]Google Scholar
Sherry, D. F. & Schacter, D. L. (1987) The evolution of multiple memory systems. Psychological Review 94:439–54. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. (1993) Varieties of learning and memory in animals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 19:5–14. [MLH]Google ScholarPubMed
Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 84:127–90. [JL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimamura, A. P. (1986) Priming effects in amnesia: Evidence for a dissociable memory function. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 38A:619–44. [DBW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimamura, A. P. & Squire, L. R. (1989) Impaired priming of new associations in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15:721–28. [aDRS]Google ScholarPubMed
Shimp, C. P., Sabulsky, S. L. & Childers, L. J. (1989) Preference for starting and finishing behavior patterns. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 52:341–52. [ACC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, H. & Nosofsky, R. M. (1992) Similarity scaling studies of “dot pattern” classification and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 121:278–304. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simon, J. R. & Craft, J. L. (1989) The effect of prediction accuracy on choice reaction time. Memory and Cognition 17:503–8. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1945) The operational analysis of psychological terms. Psychological Review 52:270–77. [ACC, HST]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1984a) Behaviorism at fifty. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:615–67. [ACC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1984b) An operant analysis of problem solving. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:583–613. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1984c) The operational analysis of psychological terms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:547–81. [ACC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skorstad, J., Gentner, D. & Medin, D. (1988) Abstraction processes during concept learning: A structural view. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Montreal, Canada. [RLG]Google Scholar
Slobin, D. (1978) A case study of early language awareness. In: The child's conception of language, ed. Sinclair, A., Jarvella, R. & Levelt, W.Springer-Verlag. [JL]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E. (1989) Concepts and induction. In: Foundations of cognitive science, ed. Posner, M. I.. MIT Press. [PP]Google Scholar
Smith, E. E., Langston, C. & Nisbett, R. (1992) The case for rules in reasoning. Cognitive Science 16:1–40. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. D. & Kemler Nelson, D. G. (1984) Overall similarity in adults' classification: The child in all of us. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:137–59. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. D. & Shapiro, J. H. (1989) The occurrence of holistic categorization. Journal of Memory and Language 28:386–99. [aDRS, RLG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokal, R. R. & Sneath, P. H. A. (1963) The principles of numerical taxonomy. Freeman. [DBW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spielberger, C. D. & DeNike, L. D. (1966) Descriptive behaviorism versus cognitive hypothesis in verbal operant conditioning. Psychological Review 73:306–26. [SSR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1992) Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review 99:195–231. [aDRS, ASR, CAS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R. & Frambach, M. (1990) Cognitive skill learning in amnesia. Psychobiology 18:109–17. [rDRS, CAS, DBW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, L. R. & McKee, R. (1992) Influence of prior events on cognitive judgments in amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, anil Cognition 18:106–15. [aDRS, ZK]Google ScholarPubMed
Stadler, M. A. (1989) On learning complex procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15:1061–69. [aDRS, DCB, SSR, MAS]Google ScholarPubMed
Stanley, W. B., Mathews, R. C., Buss, R. R. & Kotler-Cope, S. (1989) Insight without nwareness: On the interaction of verbalization, instruction and practice in a simulated process control task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 41A:553–77. [arDRS, DCB, AR, ASR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, R. W. & Rudy, J. W. (1989) Configural association theory: The role of the hippocampal formation in learning, memory and amnesia. Psyclwbiology 17:129–44. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svartdal, F. (1989) Shaping of rule-governed behaviour. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 30:304–14. [aDRS, FS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svartdal, F. (1991) Operant modulation of low-level attributes of rule-governed behavior by nonverbal contingencies. Learning and Motivation 22:406–20. [aDRS, FS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svartdal, F. (1992) Sensitivity to nonverbal operant contingencies: Do limited processing resources affect operant conditioning in humans? Learning and Motivation 23:383–405. [rDRS, ACC, FS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svartdal, F. & Mortenscn, T. (1993) Effect of reinforcer value on sensitivity to nonverbal operant contingencies in humans. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 46A:347–64. [FS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1985) Animal cognition: Thinking without language. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society (London) B 308:11328. [HST]Google Scholar
Thompson, R. F. (1990) Neural mechanisms of classical conditioning in mammals. In: Behavioral and neural aspects of learning and memory, ed. Krebs, J. R. & Horn, G.. Clarendon Press. [LRS]Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. & Rock, R. T. (1934) Learning without awareness of what is being learned or intent to learn it. Journal of Experimental Psychology 17:1–19. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulving, E. (1985) Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology 25:1–12. [MAS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulving, E. & Schacter, D. L. (1990) Priming and human memory systems. Science 247:301–5. [CJM, LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tunstall, M. E. (1977) Detecting wakefulness during general anaesthesia for caesarean section. British Medical Journal 1:1321. [JA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ungerleider, W. & Mishkin, M. (1982) Two cortical visual systems. In: The analysis of visual behavior, ed. Ingle, D. J., Goodale, M. A. & Mansfield, R. J. W.. MIT Press. [LRS]Google Scholar
Vallacher, R. R. & Wegner, D. M. (1987) What do people think they're doing: Action identification and human behavior. Psychological Review 94:3–15. [RAC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, W. Jr. (1988) Formation of equivalence sets in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 14:36–42. [ACC]Google Scholar
Velmans, M. (1991) Is human information processing conscious? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:651–726. [aDRS, JL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verplanck, W. S. (1992) Verbal concept “mediators” as simple operants. Analysis of Verbal Behavior 10:45–68. [ACC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vokey, J. R. & Brooks, L. R. (1992) Salience of item knowledge in learning artificial grammars. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18:328–44. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Vokey, J. R. & Read, J. D. (1985) Subliminal messages: Between the Devil and the media. American Psijchologist 40:1231–39. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, T. B. & Scott, J. (1987) Analytic and holistic modes of learning familyresemblance concepts. Memory and Cognition 15:42–54. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wason, P. C. (1968) Reasoning about a rule. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 20:273–81. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiskrantz, L. & Warrington, E. K. (1979) Conditioning in amnesic patients. Ncuropsychologia 17:187–94. [aDRS, DBW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittlesea, B. W. A. (1993) Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19:1235–53. [rDRS]Google Scholar
Whittlesea, B. W. A. & Dorken, M. D. (1993) Incidentally, things in general are particularly determined: An episodic-processing account of implicit learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122:227–48. [aDRS, AC, HN, ASR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widrow, B. & Hoff, M. E. (1960) Adaptive switching circuits. Institute of Radio Engineers, Western Electronics Shoto and Convention Record, Part 4: 96–104. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Willingham, D. B., Greeley, T. & Bardone, A. (1993) Dissociation in a serial response time task using a recognition measure: Reply to Perruchet and Amorim. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19:1424–30. [aDRS, DBW]Google Scholar
Willingham, D. B., Nissen, M. J. & Bullemer, P. (1989) On the development of procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15:1047–60. [aDRS, DCB, KJH]Google ScholarPubMed
Winograd, T. (1975) Frame representations and the declarative-procedural controversy. In: Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science, ed. Bobrow, D. & Collins, A.. Academic Press. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Wolpaw, J. R. & Carp, J. S. (1990) Memory traces in spinal cord. Trends in Neurosciences 13:137–42. [GO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, F., Ebert, V. & Kinsbourne, M. (1982) The episodic-semantic distinction in memory and amnesia: Clinical and experimental observations. In: Human memory and amnesia, ed. Cermak, L. S.. Erlbaum. [aDRS]Google Scholar
Wood, J. M., Bootzin, R. R., Kihlstrom, J. F. & Schaeter, D. L. (1992) Implicit and explicit memory for verbal information presented during sleep. Psychological Science 3:236–39. [aDRS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Monograph 9:1–27. [RFB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zola-Morgan, S. & Squire, L. R. (1984) Preserved learning in monkeys with medial temporal lesions: Sparing of motor and cognitive skills. Journal of Neuroscience 4:1072–85. [LRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zola-Morgan, S. & Squire, L. R. (1986) Memory impairment in monkeys following lesions of the hippocampus. Behavioral Neuroscience 100:155–60. [ASR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed