Article contents
Maximization theory: Some empirical problems
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 February 2010
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
![Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'](https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0140525X00009420/resource/name/firstPage-S0140525X00009420a.jpg)
- Type
- Open Peer Commentary
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1981
References
Allison, J. (1976) Contrast, induction, facilitation, suppression, and conservation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 25:185–98. [SEGL. HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allison, J. (1979) Demand economics and experimental psychology. Behavioral Science 24:403–15. [SEGL, HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, J. (1980) Paired baseline performance as a behavioral ideal. Manuscript submitted for publication. [JA]Google Scholar
Allison, J. (in press) Economics and operant conditioning. In: Advances in analysis of behaviour, vol. 2: Predictability. correlation a contiguity, ed. Harzem, P. & Zeiler, M.. Chichester, England: Wiley. [JA]Google Scholar
Allison, J. & Boulter, P. (1980) Wage rate, nonlabor income, and labor supply in rats. Manuscript submitted for publication. [JA]Google Scholar
Allison, J., Miller, M. & Wozny, M. (1979) Conservation in behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108:4–34. [JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alitor, S. M. (1969) The strength of conditioned reinforcers as a function of frequency and probability of reinforcement. In: Conditioned reinforcement, ed. Hendry, D., pp. 127–62. Homewood. Ill.: Dorsey. [WMB]Google Scholar
Bacotti, A. V. (1977) Matching under concurrent fixed-ratio variable-interval schedules of food presentation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 27:171–82. [WMB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Battalio, R. C., Green, L. & Kagel, J. H. (in press) "Income-leisure tradeoffs of animal workers." American Economic Review. [HR]Google Scholar
Battalio, R. C., Kagel, J. H. & Green, L. (1979) "Labor supply behavior of animal workers: Towards an experimental analysis." In: Research in experimental economics, ed. Smith, V. L.. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press. [HR]Google Scholar
Battalio, R. C., Kagel, J. H., Rachlin, H. & Green, L. (1981) "Commodity choice behavior with pigeons as subjects. Journal of Political Economy 89:67–91. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, W. M. (1973) The correlation based law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 20:137–53. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, W. M. (1974) On two types of deviation from the matching law: Bias and undermatching. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 22:231–42. [RJH, HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, W. M. (1979) Matching, undermatching, and overmatching in studies of choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 32:269–81. [WMB, RJH]Google ScholarPubMed
Baum, W. M. & Rachlin, H. C. (1969) Choice as time allocation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:861–74. [AIH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Becker, G. S. (1962) Irrational behavior and economic theory. Journal of Political Economy 70:1–13. [MCK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Becker, G. S. (1973) A theory of marriage, part I. Journal of Political Economy 81:813–46. [MCK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. S. (1976) The economic approach to human behavior. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. [MCK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentham, J. (1789) An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Reprinted in The Utilitarians New York: Doubleday & Co. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, D. J. & Ebbesen, E. B. (1974) The effects of substitution patterns on the necessary conditions for reinforcement in humans. Paper presented to Midwestern Psychological Association. [HR]Google Scholar
Buck, S. L., Rothstein, B. & Williams, B. A. (1975) A reexamination of local contrast in multiple schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 24:291–301. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brownstein, A. J. & Pliskoff, S. S. (1968) Some effects of relative reinforcement rate and changeover delay in response-independent concurrent schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11:683–88. [AIH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catania, A. C. (1973) Self-inhibiting effects of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 19:517–26. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catania, A. C. & Reynolds, G. S. (1968) A quantitative analysis of the responding maintained by interval schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11:327–83. [RJH. HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collier, G. (1977) Optimal feeding strategies in animals: Laboratory simulation. Paper presented at the meetings of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston. [EJF]Google Scholar
Collier, G., Hirsch, E. & Hamlin, P. (1972) The ecological determinants of reinforcement in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 9:705–16. [JA, EJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collier, G., Hirsch, E. & Kanarek, R. (1977) The operant revisited. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R., pp. 28–52. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [NR]Google Scholar
Curry, R. L. Jr & Wade, L. L. (1968) A theory of political exchange. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [HKS]Google Scholar
de Villiers, P. A. (1977) Choice in concurrent schedules and a quantitative formulation of the law of effect. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R., pp. 233–87. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [RJH, JCL, HR]Google Scholar
de Villiers, P. A. & Herrnstein, R. J. (1976) Toward a law of response strength. Psychological Bulletin 83:1131–53. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diewert, W. E. (1974) "Applications of duality theory." In: Frontiers of quantitative economics, vol. 2, ed. Intriligator, M. D. & Kendrick, D. A.. Amsterdam: North Holland. [HR]Google Scholar
Falk, J. L. (1967) Control of schedule-induced polydipsia: Type, size, and spacing of meals. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 10:199–206. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fantino, E. (1969) Conditional reinforcement, choice, and the psychological distance to reward. In: Conditioned reinforcement, ed. Hendry, D. P.. Homewood, Ill: Dorsey Press. [HR]Google Scholar
Falk, J. L. (1977) Conditioned reinforcement: Choice and information. In: Handbook of Operant Behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [HR]Google Scholar
Fantino, E. & Logan, C. A. (1979) The experimental analysis of behavior: A biological perspective. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. [EJF, RJH]Google Scholar
Ferster, C. B. (1978) Is operant conditioning getting bored with behavior? A review of Honig & Staddon's Handbook of operant behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 29:347–49. [JCL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferster, C. B. & Skinner, B. F. (1957) Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. [JCL, HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, M. (1953) The methodology of positive economics. In: Essays in positive economics, ed. Friedman, M., pp. 3–43. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [HKS]Google Scholar
Friedman, M. (1957) A theory of the consumption function. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. [MCK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chez, G. R. & Becker, G. S. (1975) The allocation of time and goods over the life-cycle. Human Behavior and Social Institutions, No. 6. New York: Columbia University Press. [MCK]Google Scholar
Gibbon, J. (1977) Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing. Psychological Review 84:279–325. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, L. & Green, J. K. (1979) The effect of deprivation level on labor supply in pigeons. Paper delivered at Association for Behavior Analysis meeting, Dearborn, Mich. [HR]Google Scholar
Green, L., Kagel, J. H. & Battalio, R. C. (in press) Ratio schedules of reinforcement and their relationship to economic theories of labor supply. In: Quantitative analysis of behavior, vol. 2, ed. Herrnstein, R. J. & Rachlin, H.. Cambridge. Mass.: Ballinger. [EJF. MCK, HR]Google Scholar
Green, L. & Snyderman, M. (1980) Choice between rewards differing in amount and delay: Toward a choice model of self-control. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 34:135–48. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1978) Prospects for a cognitive ethology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:527–38. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hader, J. (1971) Mathematical theory of economic behavior. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. [HR]Google Scholar
Halliday, M. S. & Boakes, R. A. (1972) Discrimination involving response-independent reinforcement: Implications for behavioural contrast. In: Inhibition and learning, ed. Boakes, R. A. & Halliday, M. S., pp. 73–95. New York: Academic Press. [WMB]Google Scholar
Harlow, H. F. (1950) Analysis of discrimination learning by monkeys. Journal of Experimental Psychology 40:26–39. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckman, J. J. (1976) A life-cycle model of earnings, learning, and consumption. Journal of Political Economy 84:511–68. [MCK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, J. & Quandt, R. E. (1980) Microeconomic theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. [HSR]Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1961) Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 4:267–72. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. (1964) Secondary reinforcement and the rate of primary reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7:27–36. [WMB, HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. (1969) Method and theory in the study of avoidance. Psychological Review 76:49–69. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1970) On the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 13:243–66. (WMB, RJH, HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. (1971) Quantitative hedonism. Journal of Psychiatric Research 8:399–412. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. (1974) Formal properties of the matching law. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:159–64. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. (1977) The evolution of behaviorism. American Psychologist 32:593–603. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1979) Derivatives of matching. Psychological Review 86:486–95. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. & Heyman, G. M. (1979) Is matching compatible with reinforcement maximization on concurrent variable interval, variable ratio? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 31:209–23. [WMB, RJH. HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. & Loveland, D. H. (1975) Maximizing and matching on concurrent ratio schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 24:107–16. [JA, RJH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrnstein, R. J. & Vaughan, W. (1980) Melioration and behavioral allocation. In: Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. pp. 143–76. New York: Academic Press. [WMB, RJH, HR, WV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heymun, G. M. & Luce, R. D. (1979) Operant matching is not a logical consequence of maximizing reinforcement rate. Animal Learning and Behavior 7:133–40. [AIH, RJH, HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillner, K. P. (1979) Conditioning in contemporary perspective. New York: Springer. [RJH]Google Scholar
Hineline, P. N. (1970) Negative reinforcement without shock reduction. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 14:259–68. [PRK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hineline, P. N. (1977) Negative reinforcement and avoidance. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [HR]Google Scholar
Hollard, V., & Davison, M. C. (1971) Preference for qualitatively different reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 16:375–80. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honiara, G. (1958) "Social behavior as exchange." American Journal of Sociology 63:597–606. [HKS]Google Scholar
Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R. (1977) Handbook of operant behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. [HR]Google Scholar
Houston, A. I. (1980) Godzilla v. the creature from the black lagoon - ethology v. psychology. In: The analysis of motivational processes, ed. Toates, F. M. & Halliday, T. R., pp. 297–318. London: Academic Press. [AIH]Google Scholar
Houston, A. I. & McFarland, D. J. (1980) Behavioral resilience and its relation to demand functions. In: Limits to action, ed. Staddon, J. E. R., pp. 177–200. New York: Academic Press. [AIH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, A. I. & McNamara, J. (in press) How to maximize reward rate on two VI paradigms. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. [AIH]Google Scholar
Hursh, S. R. (1978) The economics of daily consumption controlling food- and water-reinforced responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 29:475–91. [EJF. RJH, HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hursh, S. R. (1980) Economic concepts for the analysis of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 34:219–38. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hursh, S. R. (1980) Economics and behavior analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 2:219–38. [EJF. HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hursh, S. R. & Natelson, B. J. (in press) Electrical brain stimulation and food reinforcement dissociated by demand elasticity. Physiology and Behavior. [RJH]Google Scholar
Jamison, E. & Premack, D. (1970) Choice and habituation as measures of response similarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology 85:30–35. [HR]Google Scholar
Johnston, T.D. (1981) Contrasting approaches to a theory of learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:125–173. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagel, J. H., Battalio, R. C., Green, L. & Rachlin, H. (1980) Consumer demand theory applied to choice behavior of rats. In: Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. New York: Academic Press. [HR]Google Scholar
Kagel, J. H., Battalio, R. C., Green, L. & Rachlin, H. (1981) Demand curves for animal consumers. Quarterly Journal of Economics 46:1–16. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeley, M. C. (1981, in press) Labor supply and public policy: A critical review. New York: Academic Press. [MCK]Google Scholar
Keeley, M. C. & Wai, H. S. (1980) Labor supply response to a permanent negative income tax program. Unpublished SRI research memo. [MCK]Google Scholar
Keeley, M. C., Robins, P. K., Spiegelman, R. G. & West, R. W. (1978) The estimation of labor supply models using experimental data. The American Economic Review 68:873–87. [MCK]Google Scholar
Kershaw, D. & Fair, J. (1976) The New Jersey income-maintenance experiment. New York: Academic Press. [HR]Google Scholar
Killeen, P. (1972) A yoked-chamber comparison of concurrent and multiple schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 18:13–22. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B. (eds.) (1978) Behavioral ecology: An evolutionary approach. Oxford: Blackwell. [HR]Google Scholar
Krupp, S. R. (1966) "Types of controversies in economics." In: The structure of economic science. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [HKS]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [SJH]Google Scholar
Lancaster, K. (1966) A new approach to consumer theory. Journal of Political Economy 74:132–57. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lave, C. A. & March, J. G. (1975) An introduction to models in the social sciences. New York: Harper and Row. [HKS]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. (1978) The psychology and economics of demand. Psychological Bulletin 85:441–66. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. (1979) Foraging and reinforcement schedules in the pigeon: Optimal and non-optimal aspects of choice. Animal Behavior 27:875–86. [EJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. (1981) Concurrent fixed-ratio schedules for different reinforcers: A general theory. In: Quantification of steady-sate operant behavior, ed., Bradshaw, C. M., Szabadi, E. & Lowe, C. F., pp. 101–14. Amsterdam: Elsevier. [AIH]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. & Roper, T. J. (1977) Demand for food in fixed-ratio schedules as a function of the quality of concurrently available reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 27:371–80. [JA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Magnen, J. (1971) Advances in studies on the physiological control and regulation of food intake. In: Progress in physiological psychology, vol. 4, ed. Stellar, E. & Sprague, J. M. pp. 203–261. New York: Academic Press. [NR]Google Scholar
Leslie, J. C. (1981) Effects of variations in local reinforcement rate on local response rate in variable interval schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 35:43–53. [JCL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewin, K. (1938) The conceptual representation and measurement of psychological forces. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lobb, B. & Davison, M. C. (1977) Performance in concurrent interval schedules: A systematic replication. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 27:371–80. [HR]Google Scholar
Loeb, J. (1918) Forced movements, tropisms and animal conduct. Philadelphia: Lippincott. [HR]Google Scholar
McFarland, D. J. (1974) Experimental investigation of motivational state. In: Motivational control systems analysis, ed. McFarland, D. J., pp. 251–82. London: Academic Press. [NR]Google Scholar
Marwine, A. & Collier, G. (1979) The rat at the waterhole. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93:391–402. [JA, NR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1978) Optimization theory in evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9:31–56. [AIH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, J. (1979) The value-averaging model: An alternative to "conservation in behavior." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108:43–47. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, J. E. & Logue, A. W. (1978) Choice in a "self-control" paradigm: Effects of a fading procedure. Journal of the Experimental Anaysis of Behavior. 30:11–18. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meehl, P. E. (1950) On the circularity of the law of effect. Psychological Bulletin 47:52–75. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Metcalf, C. E. (1973) Making inferences from controlled income maintenance experiments. American Economic Review 153:478–83. [MCK]Google Scholar
Miller, H. L. Jr. (1976) Matching-based hedonic scaling in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 26:335–47. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, N. E. (1959) Liberalization of basic S-R concepts: Extensions to conflict behavior, motivation and social learning. In: Psychology: A study of a science, vol. 2, ed. Koch, S.. New York: McGraw-Hill. [HR]Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1967) Behavioral and physiological techniques: Rationale and experimental designs for combining their use. In: Handbook of physiology, section 6, vol. 1, ed. Code, C. F., pp. 51–61. Washington. D.C.: American Physiological Society. [NR]Google Scholar
Mischel, W. (1958) Preference for delayed reinforcement: An experimental study of a cultural observation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 56:57–61. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moffitt, R. & Kehrer, K. (1981 in press) The effect of tax and transfer programs on labor supply: The evidence from the income maintenance experiments. In: Research in labor economics, ed. Ehrenberg, R.. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press. [RAM]Google Scholar
Mogenson, G. J. & Phillips, A. G. (1976) Motivation: A psychological construct in search of a physiological substrate. In: Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology, vol. 6, ed. Sprague, J. M. & Epstein, A. N., pp. 189–243. New York: Academic Press. [NR]Google Scholar
Morse, W. H. & Kelleher, R. T. (1970) Schedules as fundamental determinants of behavior. In: The theory of reinforcement schedules, ed. Schoenfeld, W. N., pp. 139–85. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [JCL]Google Scholar
Motheral, M. S. & Staddon, J. E. R. (1980) Optimal allocation of behavior: Ratio and interval schedules. Paper presented at the meetings of the Association for Behavior Analysis. [MSM]Google Scholar
Myers, D. L. & Myers, L. E. (1977) Undermatching: A reappraisal of performance on concurrent variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 25:203–14. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuringer, A. J. (1969) Delayed reinforcement versus reinforcement after a fixed interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:375–83. [WMB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nevin, J. A. (1979) Overall matching versus momentary matching: Nevin (1969) revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 5:300–06. [JCL]Google Scholar
Nevin, J. A. & Baum, W. M. (1980) Feedback functions for variable-interval reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 2:207–18. [AIH, SJH, HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Wilson, T. D. (1977) Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231–59. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olds, J. (1962) Hypothalamic substrates of reward. Psychological Review 51:675–79. [HR]Google Scholar
Oster, G. F. & Wilson, E. O. (1978) Caste and ecology in the social insects. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. [AIH]Google ScholarPubMed
Pechman, J. A. & Timpane, P. M. (1975) Work incentives and income guarantees: The New Jersey negative income-tax experiment. Washington, DC.: Brooking Institute, 1975. [HR]Google Scholar
Pollak, R. A. (1970) Habit formation and dynamic demand functions. Journal of Political Economy 78:745–63. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollak, R. A. (1971) Additive utility functions and linear Engel curves. Review of Economic Studies 38:401–13. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prelec, D. & Herrnstein, R. J. (1978) Feedback functions for reinforcement: A paradigmatic experiment. Animal Learning and Behavior 6:181–86. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Premack, D. (1965) Reinforcement theory. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1965, ed. Levine, D., pp. 123–80. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [MSM, HR, WT]Google Scholar
Prelec, D. & Herrnstein, R. J. (1971) Catching up with common sense or two sides of generalization: Reinforcement and punishment. In: The nature of reinforcement, ed. Glaser, R., pp. 121–50. New York: Academic Press. [MSM, HR]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1971) On the tautology of the matching law. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 15:249–51. [RJH, HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rachlin, H. (1973) Contrast and matching. Psychological Review 80:217–34. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1976) Introduction to modern behaviorism, 2nd. ed.San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. [RJH]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1978) A molar theory of reinforcement schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 30:345–60. [AIH, MSM, HR, WV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rachlin, H. (1979) Comment on Heyman and Luce. Animal Learning and Behavior 7:267–68. [RJH, HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1980) Economics and behavioral psychology. In: limits to action, ed. Staddon, J. E. R., pp. 205–36. New York: Academic Pres. [RJH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1981) Learning theory in its niche. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:155–6. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H. & Burkhard, B. (1978) The temporal triangle: Response substitution in instrumental conditioning. Psychological Review 85:22–48. [SEGL, MSM, HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H. & Frankel, M. (1969) Choice, rate of response, and rate of gambling. Journal of Experimental Psychology 80:444–49. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H. & Green, L. (1972) Commitment, choice and self-control. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17:15–22. [PRK, HR, RHT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rachlin, H., Green, L., Kagel, J. H. & Battalio, R. C. (1976) Economic demand theory and psychological studies of choice. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 10, ed. Bower, G., pp. 129–54. New York: Academic Press. [RJH, HR, NR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H., Kagel, J. H. & Battalio, R. C. (1980) Substitutability in time allocation. Psychological Review 87:355–74. [AIH, SEGL, HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowland, N. (1977) Regulatory drinking: Do the physiological substrates have an ecological niche? Biobehavioral Reviews 1:261–72. [NR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowland, N. (1981) (in press) Drinking behaviour: Physiological, neurological, and environmental factors. In: Motivational processes, ed. Toates, F. M. and Halliday, T.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [NR]Google Scholar
Rowland, N. & Marques, D. M. (1980) Stress-induced eating: Misrepresentation? Appetite 1:225–28. [NR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schrader, S. (1979) The economics of leisure in psychological studies of choice. Thesis. State University of New York at Stony Brook. [HR]Google Scholar
Schuster, R. & Rachlin, H. (1968) Indifference between punishment and free shock: Evidence for the negative law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11:777–86. [PRK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, N., & Allison, J. (1978) Conservation, choice, and the concurrent fixed-ratio schedule. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 29:211–23. [JA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shefrin, H. M. & Thaler, R. (1980) Rules and discretion in a two-self model of intertemporal choice. Cornell University mimeo. [RHT]Google Scholar
Shimp, C. P. (1969) Optimum behavior in free-operant experiments. Psychological Review 76:97–112. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimp, C. P. (1973) Synthetic variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 19:311–30. [JCL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimp, C. P. (1979) The local organisation of behavior: Method and theory. In: Reinforcement and the organization of behavior, ed. Zeiler, M. D. & Harzem, P., pp. 261–98. Chichester, England: J. Wiley. [JCL]Google Scholar
Shull, R. L. (1979) The postreinforcement pause: Some implications for the correlational law of effect. In: Reinforcement and the organizationof behavior, ed. Zeiler, M. D. & Harzem, P., pp. 193–221. Chichester, England. Wiley. [JCL]Google Scholar
Sibly, R. M. & McFarland, D. J. (1976) On the fitness of behavior sequences. American Naturalist 110:601–17. [AIH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1956) Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review 63:129–38. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1948) "Superstition" in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology 38:168–172. [HR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1976) Farewell, my LOVELY! Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 25:218. [JCL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staddon, J. E. R. (1973) On the notion of cause, with applications to behaviorism. Behaviorism 1:25–63. [PRK]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1977) On Herrnstein's equation and related forms. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 28:163–70. [AIH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staddon, J. E. R. (1979) Operant behavior as adaptation to constraint. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108:48–67. [JA, AIH, SEGL, HR, WT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (ed.) (1980) Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior. New York: Academic Press. [RJH, HR]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1980) Optimality analyses of operant behavior and their relation to optimal foraging. In: Limits to action, ed. Staddon, J. E. R., pp. 101–41. New York: Academic Press. [AIH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (in press) Behavioral competition, contrast and matching. In: Quantitative analysis of behavior, vol. 2, ed. Commons, M., Herrnstein, R. J. & Rachlin, H.. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. [HR]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. & Motheral, S. (1978) On matching and maximizing in operant choice experiments. Psychological Review 85:436–44. [AIH, HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. & Simmelhag, V. L. (1971) The "superstition" experiment: A reexamination of its implications for the principles of adaptive behavior. Psychological Review 78:16–43. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stigler, G. J. & Becker, G. S. (1977) De gustibus non est disputandum. The American Economic Review 67:76–90. [MCK, HR, RHT]Google Scholar
Thaler, R. (1980) Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1:39–60. [RHT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, R. & Shefrin, H. (in press) "An economic theory of self-control." Journal of Political Economy. [HR, RHT]Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1911) Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. New York: Macmillan. [HR]Google Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1979) Licking one saccarin solution for access to another in rats: Contingent and noncontingent effects in instrumental performance. Animal Learning and Behavior 7:277–88. [WT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1980) A molar equilibrium theory of learned performance. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 14, ed. Bower, G. H., pp. 1–58. New York: Academic Press. [WT]Google Scholar
Timberlake, W. & Allison, J. (1974) Response deprivation: An empirical approach to instrumental performance. Psychological Review 81:146–64. [MSM, HR, WT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toates, F. M. (1979) Homeostasis and drinking. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:95–139. [NR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toates, F. M. (1979) Water and energy in the interaction of thirst and hunger. In: Chemical influences on behaviour, ed. Brown, K. & Cooper, S., pp. 135–200. London: Academic Press. [AIH]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. (1969) Intrasitivity of preference. Psychological Review 76:31–48. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, W Jr. (1976) Optimization and reinforcement. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Harvard University. [WV]Google Scholar
Vaughan, W Jr. (in press) Choice and the Rescorla-Wagner model. In: Quantitative analysis of behavior, vol. 2, ed. Commons, M., Hermstein, R. J. & Rachlin, H.. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. [WV]Google Scholar
Wegge, L. L. (1968) The demand curves from a quadratic utility indicator. Review of Economic Studies 35:209–24. [HR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeiler, M. (1977) Schedules of reinforcement: The controlling variables. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [EJF]Google Scholar
- 18
- Cited by